0
August 1996, Vol 132, No. 8 >
Article | August 1996

Learning and Teaching in Dermatology: Title and subTitle BreakA Practitioner's Guide

Robert T. Brodell, MD; Marcia Z. Wile, PhD; Mary-Margaret Chren, MD; David R. Bickers, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

From the Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology Section, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown (Dr Brodell); Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland (Ohio) (Drs Brodell and Chren); Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Dr Chren); The Office of Medical Education, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland (Dr Wile); and Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY (Dr Bickers).


Arch Dermatol. 1996;132(8):946-952. doi:10.1001/archderm.1996.03890320094014
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References
Comments

Background:  The explosion of medical knowledge, the influence of communications technology, and the pressures for health care reform challenge dermatologists to learn efficiently and teach effectively.

Observations:  The vast body of material on teaching and learning in the education literature contrasts sharply with the limited information on these topics in the dermatology literature. Gaining an understanding of these approaches to learning provides a foundation for the design of personal continuing medical education plans and lesson plans for students. Practical teaching skills are emphasized in this review.

Conclusions:  Learning and teaching skills can be improved through study. Successful teaching often produces positive feedback, which can lead to renewed enthusiasm for educating clinicians in the field of dermatology.Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:946-952

REFERENCES

1 +
Arndt KA.  Information excess in medicine: overview, relevance to dermatology, and strategies for coping . Arch Dermatol. 1992;;128:1249-1256.
2 +
Springer M.  The Archives and the compression generation . Arch Dermatol. 1993;;129:1024-1025.
3 +
Lynch PI, Edminster SC.  Dermatology for the nondermatologist: a problem-oriented system . Ann Emerg Med. 1984;;13:603-606.
4 +
McCarthy GM, Lamb GC, Russel TJ, Young MJ.  Primary care-based dermatology practice: internists need more training . J Gen Intern Med. 1991;:6:52-56.
5 +
Branch WT Jr, Collins M, Wintroub BU.  Dermatologic practice: implications for a primary care residency curriculum . J Med Educ. 1983;;58:136-142.
6 +
Glickman FS.  Dermatologic education for primary care in the United States . Int J Dermatol. 1989;;28:327-331.
7 +
Jeghers H.  Medical care, education and research . N Engl J Med. 1964;;271: 1297-1301.
8 +
Guyatt G, Cairns J, Churchill D, et al.  Evidence-based medicine: a new approach to teaching the practice of medicine . JAMA . 1992;;268:2420-2425.
9 +
DesGroseilliers JP.  The teaching of dermatology in Canada . Int J Dermatol. 1985;;24:458-460.
10 +
Federman DD.  Medical student education in dermatology . Arch Dermatol. 1985;; 121:1503.
11 +
Marks J.  Teaching dermatology to undergraduates in the 1980's . Clin Exp Dermatol. 1984;;9:263-266.
12 +
Ramsay DS, Mayer F.  National survey of undergraduate dermatologic medical education . Arch Dermatol. 1985;;121:1529-1539.
13 +
Sherertz EF.  Learning dermatology on a dermatology elective . Int J Dermatol. 1990;;29:345-348.
14 +
Norman GR, Rosenthal D, Brooks LR, Allen SW, Muzzin LJ.  The development of expertise in dermatology . Arch Dermatol. 1989;;125:1063-1068.
15 +
Schwenk T, Whitman N. The Physician as Teacher . Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1987;:xi, 61-64, 71-143.
16 +
Cruz PD Jr.  A personal perspective on residency education . Arch Dermatol. 1995;;131:406-410.
17 +
Cruz PD Jr, Chaker MB.  Teaching conferences in dermatology residency revisited . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;;32:675-677.
18 +
Finlay AY, Coles EC, Dawber RP, Graham-Brown RA, Hunter JA, Marks JM.  Dermatology examination performance: wide variation between different teaching centres . Med Educ. 1994;;28:301-306.
19 +
Abrahamson D, Garman K, Sutnick AI, Friedman M.  Trends in medical education . Int J Dermatol. 1994;;33:654-656.
20 +
Regehr G, Cline J, Norman GR, Brooks L.  Effect of processing strategy on diagnostic skill in dermatology . Acad Med. 1994;;69( (10 suppl) ):S34-S36.
21 +
Ramsay B.  Training the senior house officer: experience within a dermatology unit . Postgrad Med J. 1993;;69:469-471.
22 +
Hay RJ.  Undergraduate teaching in dermatology and general practice . Br J Dermatol. 1993;;129:356.
23 +
Cruz PD Jr, Knipper JE, Black AA, Sonnier GB, Hud JA Jr, Chaker MB.  1992 AAD Award for Excellence in Education: The Integrated Basic and Clinical Science Conference Series at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;;29:761-772.
24 +
Sneiderman CA, Cookson JP, Hood AF.  Use of computer graphic images in teaching dermatology . Comput Med Imaging Graphics. 1992;;16:151-152.
25 +
Sneiderman CA, Hood AF.  A comparison of video and photographic display of skin lesions for morphology recognition . J Biocommun. 1991;;18:22-25.
26 +
Irby DM.  Teaching and learning in ambulatory care settings: a thematic review of the literature . Acad Med. 1995;;70:898-931.
27 +
Smith JG.  Essentials for specialty and subspecialty training in dermatology . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;;16:151-160.
28 +
Sapira JD.  A modest proposal: board certification for medical educators (or quis custodiet ipsos custodes?) . South Med J. 1986;;79:1141-1142.
29 +
Jason H, Westberg J.  Preparation for teaching . In: Jason H, Westberg J. Teachers and Teaching in US Medical Schools . East Norwalk, Conn: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1982;:71-83.
30 +
Cook RI.  Learning theories implicit in medical school lectures . JAMA. 1989;; 261:2244-2245.
31 +
Bergstresser PR.  Perceptions of the academic environment: a national survey . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;;25( (6) ):1092-1096.
32 +
Whitman N. Creative Medical Teaching . Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah School of Medicine; 1990;:61-63.
33 +
Miller GE. Teaching and Learning in Medical School . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1962;:293-295.
34 +
Ford ML.  Excellence in teaching: what does it really mean? Improving Coll Univ Teaching. 1983;;31:137-141.
35 +
Carey RM, Munsey S, Wheby MS, Reynolds RE.  Evaluating faculty clinical excellence in the academic health sciences center . Acad Med. 1993;;68:813-817.
36 +
Cantor JC, Cohen AB, Barker DC, Shuster AL, Reynolds RC.  Medical educators' views on medical education reform . JAMA. 1991;;265:1002-1006.
37 +
Stritter FT, Hain JD, Grimes DA.  Clinical teaching reexamined . J Med Educ. 1975;;50:876-882.
38 +
Caplan RM.  Continuing dermatologic education: andragogy or pedagogy? Am J Dermatopathol. 1984;;6:507-510.
39 +
Cruz PD, Charley MR, Bergstresser PR.  Basic science conferences in residency training: a national survey . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;;16:413-419.
40 +
Bloomfield RL, Pedley CF.  Mnemonics for board review . Res Staff Phys. 1990;; 36( (5) ):13-17.
41 +
Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Freedberg IM, Austen KF. Dermatology in General Medicine . 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International Book Co; 1987;;2:1844-1845.
42 +
Bower GH, Hilgard ER. Theories of Learning . 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc; 1981;:14-48.
43 +
Brancati F.  The art of pimping . JAMA. 1989;;262:89-90.
44 +
Knowles MS.  The modern practice of adult education . In: Knowles MS, ed. Pedagogy to Andragogy . New York, NY: Adult Education Co; 1980;:24-59.
45 +
Osier W. Aequanimitas . Philadelphia, Pa: Blakistons; 1904;:329-342.
46 +
Linfors EW, Neelson FA.  The case for bedside rounds . N Engl J Med. 1980;; 303:1230-1233.
47 +
Barrows HS. Simulated (Standardized) Patients and Other Human Simulations . Chapel Hill, NC: Health Science Consortium; 1971;.
48 +
Barrows HS. Simulated Patients (Programmed Patients): Development and Use of a New Technique in Medicine Education . Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1971;.
49 +
King AM, Perkowski-Rogers LC, Pohl HS.  Planning standardized patient programs: case development, patient training, and costs . Teach Learn Med. 1994;; 6:6-14.
50 +
Anderson MB, Kassebaum DG.  Introduction: 'Just do it.' Teach Learn Med. 1994;;6:3-5.
51 +
Engel G.  What if music students were taught to play their instruments as medical students are taught to interview? Pharos. (Fall) 1982;:12-13.
52 +
Ainsworth MA, Rogers LP, Markus JF, Dorsey NK, Blackwell TA, Petrusa ER.  Standardized patient encounters: a method for teaching and evaluation . JAMA. 1991;;266:1390-1396.
53 +
Anderson MB, Stillman PI, Wang Y.  Growing use of standardized patients in teaching and evaluation in medical education . Teach Learn Med. 1994;;6:15-22.
54 +
Anderson MB, Kassebaum DG.  Proceeding of the AAMC's consensus conference on the use of standardized patients in the teaching and evaluation of clinical skills . Acad Med. 1993;;68:437-483.
55 +
Whitman NA, Schwenk TL. Preceptors as Teachers: A Guide to Clinical Teaching . Salt Lake City, Utah: Dept of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah; 1984;:9-10.
56 +
Knopke HJ, Diekelmann NL. Approaches to Teaching Primary Health Care . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1981;:45-49.
57 +
Goodman LJ, Brueschke EE, Bone RC, Rose WH, Williams EJ, Paul HA.  An experiment in medical education: a critical analysis using traditional criteria . JAMA. 1991;;265:2373-2376.
58 +
Tosteson DC.  New pathways for medical education . JAMA. 1991;;265:1022-1023.
59 +
Berkson L.  Problem-based learning: have the expectations been met? Acad Med. 1993;;68( (10) ):S79-S88.
60 +
Schmidt HG, Norman GR, Bushuizen HPA.  A cognitive perspective on medical expertise, theory and implications . Acad Med. 1990;;65:611-621.
61 +
Skeff KM.  Enhancing teaching effectiveness and vitality in the ambulatory setting . J Gen Intern Med. 1988;;3:S26-S33.
62 +
Lindberg DAB, Siegel ER, Rapp BA, Wallingford KT, Wilson SR.  Use of MEDLINE by physicians for clinical problem solving . JAMA. 1993;;269:3124-3129.
63 +
Kopf AW.  A decade of progress in education and communication in dermatology . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;;6:209-214.
64 +
Rootenberg JD.  Information technologies in US medical schools . JAMA. 1992;; 268:3106-3107.
65 +
Bader SA.  Recognition of computer-based materials in the promotion guidelines of U.S. medical schools . Acad Med. 1993;;68( (10) ):S16-S18.
66 +
Papier A, Goldsmith L.  Pictorial based computer information systems with digitized images using photolaser compact disc technology . Presented as a technical exhibit at the American Academy of Dermatology 51st Annual Meeting; December 5-10, 1992; San Francisco, Calif.
67 +
Milla GE. Educating Medical Teachers . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1980;:52.
68 +
Holcomb JD. Improving Teaching in Medical Schools: A Practical Handbook . Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1973;:5-18, 33.
69 +
Kroenke K.  The lecture: where it wavers . Am J Med. 1984;;3:393-396.
70 +
Whitman NA. There Is No Gene for Good Teaching: A Handbook on Lecturing for Medical Teachers . 3rd ed. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah School of Medicine; 1982;:4-5,13.
71 +
Redelmeier DA, Rozin P, Kahnoman D.  Understanding patient's decisions . JAMA. 1933;;270:72-76.
72 +
Irby DM.  Clinical teacher effectiveness in medicine . J Med Educ. 1978;;53:808-815.
73 +
Irby DM.  What clinical teachers in medicine need to know . Acad Med. 1994;; 69:333-342.
74 +
Foley RP, Smilansoky J. Teaching Techniques: A Handbook for Health Professionals . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International Book Co; 1980;:8-12.
75 +
Stuart J, Rutherford RJD.  Medical student concentration during lectures . Lancet. 1978;;2:514-516.
76 +
Stein M. Simulating Creativity, Volume I: Individual Procedures . New York, NY: Academic Press; 1974;:64-66, 256-260.
77 +
Ackerman AB.  The myth of the 'born' teacher . Am J Dermatopathol. 1985;;7: 299.
78 +
Davis R.  Solomon LM. Planning teaching slides . Arch Dermatol. 1972;;106: 317-318.
79 +
Chavis DD, Concannon MJ, Croll GH, Puckett CL.  Computer-generated slide graphics: an exciting advancement or a problem? Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;; 92:91-96.
80 +
Ende J.  Feedback in clinical medical education . JAMA. 1983;;250:777-781.
81 +
Tiberius RG, Sackin HD, Slingerland JM, Jubas K, Bell M, Matlow A.  The use of student evaluative feedback on the improvement of clinical teaching . J Higher Educ. 1989;;60:665-681.
82 +
Reichsman F, Browning FE, Hinshaw JR.  Observations of undergraduate clinical teaching in action . J Med Educ. 1964;;39:147-163.
83 +
Weimer M, Parrett JL, Kerns MM. How Am I Teaching? Forms and Activities for Acquiring Instructional Input . Madison, Wis: Mega Publications Inc; 1988;.
84 +
Norman GR, Brooks LR, Allen SW, Rosenthal D.  Sources of observed variation in dermatologic diagnosis . Acad Med. 1990;;65:519-520.
85 +
Papa FJ, Shores JH, Meyer S.  Effects of pattern matching, pattern discrimination, and experience in the development of diagnostic expertise . Acad Med. 1990;;65:521-522.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Arndt KA.  Information excess in medicine: overview, relevance to dermatology, and strategies for coping . Arch Dermatol. 1992;;128:1249-1256.
2 +
Springer M.  The Archives and the compression generation . Arch Dermatol. 1993;;129:1024-1025.
3 +
Lynch PI, Edminster SC.  Dermatology for the nondermatologist: a problem-oriented system . Ann Emerg Med. 1984;;13:603-606.
4 +
McCarthy GM, Lamb GC, Russel TJ, Young MJ.  Primary care-based dermatology practice: internists need more training . J Gen Intern Med. 1991;:6:52-56.
5 +
Branch WT Jr, Collins M, Wintroub BU.  Dermatologic practice: implications for a primary care residency curriculum . J Med Educ. 1983;;58:136-142.
6 +
Glickman FS.  Dermatologic education for primary care in the United States . Int J Dermatol. 1989;;28:327-331.
7 +
Jeghers H.  Medical care, education and research . N Engl J Med. 1964;;271: 1297-1301.
8 +
Guyatt G, Cairns J, Churchill D, et al.  Evidence-based medicine: a new approach to teaching the practice of medicine . JAMA . 1992;;268:2420-2425.
9 +
DesGroseilliers JP.  The teaching of dermatology in Canada . Int J Dermatol. 1985;;24:458-460.
10 +
Federman DD.  Medical student education in dermatology . Arch Dermatol. 1985;; 121:1503.
11 +
Marks J.  Teaching dermatology to undergraduates in the 1980's . Clin Exp Dermatol. 1984;;9:263-266.
12 +
Ramsay DS, Mayer F.  National survey of undergraduate dermatologic medical education . Arch Dermatol. 1985;;121:1529-1539.
13 +
Sherertz EF.  Learning dermatology on a dermatology elective . Int J Dermatol. 1990;;29:345-348.
14 +
Norman GR, Rosenthal D, Brooks LR, Allen SW, Muzzin LJ.  The development of expertise in dermatology . Arch Dermatol. 1989;;125:1063-1068.
15 +
Schwenk T, Whitman N. The Physician as Teacher . Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1987;:xi, 61-64, 71-143.
16 +
Cruz PD Jr.  A personal perspective on residency education . Arch Dermatol. 1995;;131:406-410.
17 +
Cruz PD Jr, Chaker MB.  Teaching conferences in dermatology residency revisited . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;;32:675-677.
18 +
Finlay AY, Coles EC, Dawber RP, Graham-Brown RA, Hunter JA, Marks JM.  Dermatology examination performance: wide variation between different teaching centres . Med Educ. 1994;;28:301-306.
19 +
Abrahamson D, Garman K, Sutnick AI, Friedman M.  Trends in medical education . Int J Dermatol. 1994;;33:654-656.
20 +
Regehr G, Cline J, Norman GR, Brooks L.  Effect of processing strategy on diagnostic skill in dermatology . Acad Med. 1994;;69( (10 suppl) ):S34-S36.
21 +
Ramsay B.  Training the senior house officer: experience within a dermatology unit . Postgrad Med J. 1993;;69:469-471.
22 +
Hay RJ.  Undergraduate teaching in dermatology and general practice . Br J Dermatol. 1993;;129:356.
23 +
Cruz PD Jr, Knipper JE, Black AA, Sonnier GB, Hud JA Jr, Chaker MB.  1992 AAD Award for Excellence in Education: The Integrated Basic and Clinical Science Conference Series at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;;29:761-772.
24 +
Sneiderman CA, Cookson JP, Hood AF.  Use of computer graphic images in teaching dermatology . Comput Med Imaging Graphics. 1992;;16:151-152.
25 +
Sneiderman CA, Hood AF.  A comparison of video and photographic display of skin lesions for morphology recognition . J Biocommun. 1991;;18:22-25.
26 +
Irby DM.  Teaching and learning in ambulatory care settings: a thematic review of the literature . Acad Med. 1995;;70:898-931.
27 +
Smith JG.  Essentials for specialty and subspecialty training in dermatology . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;;16:151-160.
28 +
Sapira JD.  A modest proposal: board certification for medical educators (or quis custodiet ipsos custodes?) . South Med J. 1986;;79:1141-1142.
29 +
Jason H, Westberg J.  Preparation for teaching . In: Jason H, Westberg J. Teachers and Teaching in US Medical Schools . East Norwalk, Conn: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1982;:71-83.
30 +
Cook RI.  Learning theories implicit in medical school lectures . JAMA. 1989;; 261:2244-2245.
31 +
Bergstresser PR.  Perceptions of the academic environment: a national survey . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;;25( (6) ):1092-1096.
32 +
Whitman N. Creative Medical Teaching . Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah School of Medicine; 1990;:61-63.
33 +
Miller GE. Teaching and Learning in Medical School . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1962;:293-295.
34 +
Ford ML.  Excellence in teaching: what does it really mean? Improving Coll Univ Teaching. 1983;;31:137-141.
35 +
Carey RM, Munsey S, Wheby MS, Reynolds RE.  Evaluating faculty clinical excellence in the academic health sciences center . Acad Med. 1993;;68:813-817.
36 +
Cantor JC, Cohen AB, Barker DC, Shuster AL, Reynolds RC.  Medical educators' views on medical education reform . JAMA. 1991;;265:1002-1006.
37 +
Stritter FT, Hain JD, Grimes DA.  Clinical teaching reexamined . J Med Educ. 1975;;50:876-882.
38 +
Caplan RM.  Continuing dermatologic education: andragogy or pedagogy? Am J Dermatopathol. 1984;;6:507-510.
39 +
Cruz PD, Charley MR, Bergstresser PR.  Basic science conferences in residency training: a national survey . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;;16:413-419.
40 +
Bloomfield RL, Pedley CF.  Mnemonics for board review . Res Staff Phys. 1990;; 36( (5) ):13-17.
41 +
Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Freedberg IM, Austen KF. Dermatology in General Medicine . 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International Book Co; 1987;;2:1844-1845.
42 +
Bower GH, Hilgard ER. Theories of Learning . 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc; 1981;:14-48.
43 +
Brancati F.  The art of pimping . JAMA. 1989;;262:89-90.
44 +
Knowles MS.  The modern practice of adult education . In: Knowles MS, ed. Pedagogy to Andragogy . New York, NY: Adult Education Co; 1980;:24-59.
45 +
Osier W. Aequanimitas . Philadelphia, Pa: Blakistons; 1904;:329-342.
46 +
Linfors EW, Neelson FA.  The case for bedside rounds . N Engl J Med. 1980;; 303:1230-1233.
47 +
Barrows HS. Simulated (Standardized) Patients and Other Human Simulations . Chapel Hill, NC: Health Science Consortium; 1971;.
48 +
Barrows HS. Simulated Patients (Programmed Patients): Development and Use of a New Technique in Medicine Education . Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1971;.
49 +
King AM, Perkowski-Rogers LC, Pohl HS.  Planning standardized patient programs: case development, patient training, and costs . Teach Learn Med. 1994;; 6:6-14.
50 +
Anderson MB, Kassebaum DG.  Introduction: 'Just do it.' Teach Learn Med. 1994;;6:3-5.
51 +
Engel G.  What if music students were taught to play their instruments as medical students are taught to interview? Pharos. (Fall) 1982;:12-13.
52 +
Ainsworth MA, Rogers LP, Markus JF, Dorsey NK, Blackwell TA, Petrusa ER.  Standardized patient encounters: a method for teaching and evaluation . JAMA. 1991;;266:1390-1396.
53 +
Anderson MB, Stillman PI, Wang Y.  Growing use of standardized patients in teaching and evaluation in medical education . Teach Learn Med. 1994;;6:15-22.
54 +
Anderson MB, Kassebaum DG.  Proceeding of the AAMC's consensus conference on the use of standardized patients in the teaching and evaluation of clinical skills . Acad Med. 1993;;68:437-483.
55 +
Whitman NA, Schwenk TL. Preceptors as Teachers: A Guide to Clinical Teaching . Salt Lake City, Utah: Dept of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah; 1984;:9-10.
56 +
Knopke HJ, Diekelmann NL. Approaches to Teaching Primary Health Care . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1981;:45-49.
57 +
Goodman LJ, Brueschke EE, Bone RC, Rose WH, Williams EJ, Paul HA.  An experiment in medical education: a critical analysis using traditional criteria . JAMA. 1991;;265:2373-2376.
58 +
Tosteson DC.  New pathways for medical education . JAMA. 1991;;265:1022-1023.
59 +
Berkson L.  Problem-based learning: have the expectations been met? Acad Med. 1993;;68( (10) ):S79-S88.
60 +
Schmidt HG, Norman GR, Bushuizen HPA.  A cognitive perspective on medical expertise, theory and implications . Acad Med. 1990;;65:611-621.
61 +
Skeff KM.  Enhancing teaching effectiveness and vitality in the ambulatory setting . J Gen Intern Med. 1988;;3:S26-S33.
62 +
Lindberg DAB, Siegel ER, Rapp BA, Wallingford KT, Wilson SR.  Use of MEDLINE by physicians for clinical problem solving . JAMA. 1993;;269:3124-3129.
63 +
Kopf AW.  A decade of progress in education and communication in dermatology . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;;6:209-214.
64 +
Rootenberg JD.  Information technologies in US medical schools . JAMA. 1992;; 268:3106-3107.
65 +
Bader SA.  Recognition of computer-based materials in the promotion guidelines of U.S. medical schools . Acad Med. 1993;;68( (10) ):S16-S18.
66 +
Papier A, Goldsmith L.  Pictorial based computer information systems with digitized images using photolaser compact disc technology . Presented as a technical exhibit at the American Academy of Dermatology 51st Annual Meeting; December 5-10, 1992; San Francisco, Calif.
67 +
Milla GE. Educating Medical Teachers . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1980;:52.
68 +
Holcomb JD. Improving Teaching in Medical Schools: A Practical Handbook . Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1973;:5-18, 33.
69 +
Kroenke K.  The lecture: where it wavers . Am J Med. 1984;;3:393-396.
70 +
Whitman NA. There Is No Gene for Good Teaching: A Handbook on Lecturing for Medical Teachers . 3rd ed. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah School of Medicine; 1982;:4-5,13.
71 +
Redelmeier DA, Rozin P, Kahnoman D.  Understanding patient's decisions . JAMA. 1933;;270:72-76.
72 +
Irby DM.  Clinical teacher effectiveness in medicine . J Med Educ. 1978;;53:808-815.
73 +
Irby DM.  What clinical teachers in medicine need to know . Acad Med. 1994;; 69:333-342.
74 +
Foley RP, Smilansoky J. Teaching Techniques: A Handbook for Health Professionals . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International Book Co; 1980;:8-12.
75 +
Stuart J, Rutherford RJD.  Medical student concentration during lectures . Lancet. 1978;;2:514-516.
76 +
Stein M. Simulating Creativity, Volume I: Individual Procedures . New York, NY: Academic Press; 1974;:64-66, 256-260.
77 +
Ackerman AB.  The myth of the 'born' teacher . Am J Dermatopathol. 1985;;7: 299.
78 +
Davis R.  Solomon LM. Planning teaching slides . Arch Dermatol. 1972;;106: 317-318.
79 +
Chavis DD, Concannon MJ, Croll GH, Puckett CL.  Computer-generated slide graphics: an exciting advancement or a problem? Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;; 92:91-96.
80 +
Ende J.  Feedback in clinical medical education . JAMA. 1983;;250:777-781.
81 +
Tiberius RG, Sackin HD, Slingerland JM, Jubas K, Bell M, Matlow A.  The use of student evaluative feedback on the improvement of clinical teaching . J Higher Educ. 1989;;60:665-681.
82 +
Reichsman F, Browning FE, Hinshaw JR.  Observations of undergraduate clinical teaching in action . J Med Educ. 1964;;39:147-163.
83 +
Weimer M, Parrett JL, Kerns MM. How Am I Teaching? Forms and Activities for Acquiring Instructional Input . Madison, Wis: Mega Publications Inc; 1988;.
84 +
Norman GR, Brooks LR, Allen SW, Rosenthal D.  Sources of observed variation in dermatologic diagnosis . Acad Med. 1990;;65:519-520.
85 +
Papa FJ, Shores JH, Meyer S.  Effects of pattern matching, pattern discrimination, and experience in the development of diagnostic expertise . Acad Med. 1990;;65:521-522.

Correspondence

Submit a Letter
CME Course for:


You need to register in order to view this quiz.


To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
Submit a Comment

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.

© 2012 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Powered bySilverchair Information Systems