0
May 1994, Vol 130, No. 5 >
Article | May 1994

CD34, Stem Cells, and the Skin

Stanley J. Miller, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Department of Dermatology The Johns Hopkins University Medical School 601 N Carolina St Baltimore, MD 21287


Arch Dermatol. 1994;130(5):624-626. doi:10.1001/archderm.1994.01690050092016
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References
Comments

IN THIS ISSUE of the Archives, Kirchman et al have examined, by immunocytochemical techniques, trichoepithelioma (TE) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) neoplasms for the presence of CD34 antigen. Positive staining was noted in all of the TE and none of the BCC specimens. These interesting results raise several questions of a clinical and biological nature.

First, will this technique become a useful adjunct in the clinical dermatopathology laboratory? The vast majority of TEs and BCCs will no doubt continue to be well diagnosed using standard hematoxyin-eosin-staining methods and well-established histologic criteria.1,2 What about less common situations that involve, as the authors suggest, ''small punch biopsies or... difficult diagnostic cases?'' Although the results of the present study are unequivocal, all specimens were diagnosed on the basis of histologic criteria prior to inclusion in the study. No growths of a ''gray-zone'' nature were analyzed. Examination of a specimen in which both

REFERENCES

1 +
Ackerman AB, deViragh PA, Chongchitnant NS. In: Neoplasms With Follicular Differentiation . Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1993;:425-460.
2 +
Brooke JD, Fitzpatrick JE, Golitz LE.  Papillary mesenchymal bodies: a histologic finding useful in differentiating of trichoepitheliomas from basal cell carcinomas . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;;21:523-528.
3 +
Johnson SC, Bennett RG.  Occurrence of basal cell carcinoma among multiple trichoepitheliomas . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;;28:322-326.
4 +
Civin CI, Strauss LC, Brovall C, Facker JF, Schwartz JF, Shaper JH.  Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis, III: a hematopoietic progenitor cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against KG-la cells . Exp Hematol. 1984;; 133:157-165.
5 +
Strauss LC, Rowley SD, LaRussa VF, Sharkis SJ, Stuart RK, Civin CI.  Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis, V: characterization of My-10 antigen expression by normal lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells . Exp Hematol. 1986;;14:878-886.
6 +
Civin CI.  Human monomyeloid cell membrane antigens . Exp Hematol. 1990;; 18:461-467.
7 +
Berenson RJ, Andrews RG, Bensinger WI, et al.  Antigen CD34+ marrow cells engraft lethally irradiated baboons . J Clin Invest. 1988;;81:951-955.
8 +
Fina L, Molgaard HV, Robertson D, et al.  Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells . Blood. 1990;;75:2417-2426.
9 +
Nickoloff BJ.  The human progenitor cell antigen (CD34) is localized on endothelial cells, dermal dendritic cells, and perifollicular cells in formalin-fixed normal skin, and on proliferating endothelial cells and stromal spindle-shaped cells in Kaposi's sarcoma . Adv Dermatol. 1991;;127:523-529.
10 +
Cohen PR, Rapini RP, Farhood Al.  Expression of the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 in vascular and spindle cell tumors . J Cell Physiol. 1993;;20:15-20.
11 +
Cotsarelis G, Sun TT, Lavker RM.  Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge of the pilosebaceous unit: implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis . Cell. 1990;;61:1329-1337.
12 +
Wade TR, Ackerman AB.  The many faces of basal-cell carcinoma . J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1978;;4:23-28.
13 +
Goslen JB, Eisen AZ, Bauer EA.  Stimulation of skin fibroblast collagenase production by a cytokine derived from basal cell carcinomas . J Invest Dermatol. 1985;;85:161-164.
14 +
Bauer EA, Uitto J, Walters RC, et al.  Enhanced collagenase production by fibroblasts derived from basal cell carcinomas . Cancer Res. 1979;;39:4594-4599.
15 +
Barsky SH, Grossman DA, Bhuta S.  Desmoplastic basal cell carcinomas possess unique basement membrane-degrading properties . J Invest Dermatol. 1987;; 88:324-329.
16 +
Pyke C, Ralfkiaer D, Hyhtala P, et al.  Localization of messenger RNA for Mr 72 000 and 92 000 type IV collagenases in human skin cancers by in situ hybridization . Cancer Res. 1992;;52:1336-1341.
17 +
Karelina TV, Hruza GJ, Goldberg Gl, et al.  Localization of 92-kDa type IV collagenase in human skin tumors: comparison with normal human fetal and adult skin . J Invest Dermatol. 1993;;100:159-165.
18 +
Stahle-Backdahl M, Sudbeck BD, Eisen AZ, et al.  Expression of 92-kDa type IV collagenase mRNA by eosinophils associated with basal cell carcinoma . J Invest Dermatol. 1992;;99:497-503.
19 +
Wolf C, Chenard MP, deGrossouvre PD, et al.  Breast cancer-associated stromelysin-3 gene is expressed in basal cell carcinoma and during cutaneous wound healing . J Invest Dermatol. 1992;;99:870-872.
20 +
Schlagenhauff B, Klessen C, Teichmann-Dorr S, et al.  Demonstration of proteases in basal cell carcinomas . Cancer. 1992;;70:1133-1140.
21 +
Sutherland DR, Abdullah KM, Cyopick P, et al.  Cleavage of the cell-surface O-sialoglycoproteins CD34, CD43, CD44, and CD45 by a novel glycoprotease from Pasteurella haemolytica . J Immunol. 1992;;148:1458-1464.
22 +
Kirshenbaum AS, Kessler SW, Goff JP, et al.  Demonstration of the origin of human mast cells from CD34+ bone marrow progenitor cells . J Immunol. 1991;; 146:1410-1415.
23 +
Hanson CA, Ross CW, Schnitzer B.  Anti-CD34 immunoperoxidase staining in paraffin sections of acute leukemia: comparison with flow cytometric immunophenotyping . Hum Pathol. 1992;;23:26-32.
24 +
Simmons PJ, Torok-Storb B.  CD34 expression by stromal precursors in normal human adult bone marrow . Blood. 1991;;78:2848-2853.
25 +
Huang S, Terstappen LWMM.  Formation of haematopoietic microenvironment and haematopoietic stem cells from single human bone marrow stem cells . Nature. 1992;;360:745-749.
26 +
Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJR, deWaal RMW, et al.  Leukocyte antigen CD34 is expressed by a subset of cultured endothelial cells and on endothelial abluminal microprocesses in the tumor stroma . Lab Invest. 1990;;62: 690-696.
27 +
Traweek ST, Kandalaft PL, Mehta P, et al.  The human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in vascular neoplasia . Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;; 96:25-31.
28 +
Sirgi KE. Wick MR,  Swanson PE. B72.3 and CD34 immunoreactivity in malignant epithelioid soft tissue tumors: adjuncts in the recognition of endothelial neoplasms . Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;;17:179-185.
29 +
Ramani P, Bradley NJ, Fletcher CDM.  QBEND/10, a new monoclonal antibody to endothelium: asessment of its diagnostic utility in paraffin sections . Histopathology. 1990;;17:237-242.
30 +
Brown J, Greaves MF, Molgaard HV.  The gene encoding the stem cell antigen, CD34, is conserved in mouse and expressed in haemopoietic progenitor cell lines, brain, and embryonic fibroblasts . Int Immunol. 1991;;3:175-184.
31 +
Arber DA, Kandalaft PL. Mehta P, et al.  Vimentin-negative epithelioid sarcoma: the value of an immunohistochemical panel that includes CD34 . Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;;17:302-307.
32 +
Kutzner H.  Expression of the human progenitor cell antigen CD34 (HPCA-1) distinguishes dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans from fibrous histiocytoma in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;;28:613-617.
33 +
Aiba S, Tabata N, Ishil H, et al.  Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a unique fibrohistiocytic tumour expressing CD34 . Br J Dermatol. 1992;;127:79-84.
34 +
Penneys NS, Kaiser M.  Cylindroma expresses immunohistochemical markers linking it to eccrine coil . J Cell Physiol. 1993;;20:40-43.
35 +
He XY, Antao VP, Basila D, et al.  Isolation and molecular characterization of the human CD34 gene . Blood. 1992;;79:2296-2302.
36 +
Satterthwaite AB, Burn TC, LeBeau MM, et al.  Structure of the gene encoding CD34: a human hematopoietic stem cell antigen . Genomics. 1992;;12:788-794.
37 +
Tenen DG. Satterthwaite AB, Borson R, et al.  Chromosome 1 localization of the gene for CD34, a surface antigen of human stem cells . Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1991;;53:55-57.
38 +
Molgaard HV, Spurr NK, Greaves MF.  The hemopoietic stem cell antigen, CD34, is encoded by a gene located on chromosome 1 . Leukemia. 1989;;3:773-776.
39 +
Liesveld JL, Winslow JM, Kempski MC, et al.  Adhesive interactions of normal and leukemic human CD34 myeloid progenitors: role of marrow stromal, fibroblast, and cytomatrix components . Exp Hematol. 1991;;19:63-70.
40 +
Gordon MY, Clarke D, Atkinson J, et al.  Hemopoietic progenitor cell binding to the stromal microenvironment in vitro . Exp Hematol. 1990;;18:837-842.
41 +
Miller SJ, Lavker RM, Sun TT.  Keratinocyte stem cells of cornea, skin and hair follicle: common and distinguishing features . Semin Dev Biol. In press.
42 +
Quesenberry P, Levitt L.  Hematopoietic stem cells . N Engl J Med. 1979;;301: 868-872.
43 +
Fialkow PJ, Singer J, Raskind WH, et al.  Clonal development, stem-cell differentiation, and clinical remissions in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med. 1987;;317:468-473.
44 +
Keinanen M, Griffin JD, Bloomfield CD, et al.  Clonal chromosomal abnormalities showing multiple-cell lineage involvement in acute myeloid leukemia . N Engl J Med. 1988;;318:1153-1158.
45 +
Pierce GB, Speers WC.  Tumors as caricatures of the process of tissue renewal: prospects for therapy by directing differentiation . Cancer Res. 1988;;48:1996-2004.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Ackerman AB, deViragh PA, Chongchitnant NS. In: Neoplasms With Follicular Differentiation . Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1993;:425-460.
2 +
Brooke JD, Fitzpatrick JE, Golitz LE.  Papillary mesenchymal bodies: a histologic finding useful in differentiating of trichoepitheliomas from basal cell carcinomas . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;;21:523-528.
3 +
Johnson SC, Bennett RG.  Occurrence of basal cell carcinoma among multiple trichoepitheliomas . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;;28:322-326.
4 +
Civin CI, Strauss LC, Brovall C, Facker JF, Schwartz JF, Shaper JH.  Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis, III: a hematopoietic progenitor cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against KG-la cells . Exp Hematol. 1984;; 133:157-165.
5 +
Strauss LC, Rowley SD, LaRussa VF, Sharkis SJ, Stuart RK, Civin CI.  Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis, V: characterization of My-10 antigen expression by normal lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells . Exp Hematol. 1986;;14:878-886.
6 +
Civin CI.  Human monomyeloid cell membrane antigens . Exp Hematol. 1990;; 18:461-467.
7 +
Berenson RJ, Andrews RG, Bensinger WI, et al.  Antigen CD34+ marrow cells engraft lethally irradiated baboons . J Clin Invest. 1988;;81:951-955.
8 +
Fina L, Molgaard HV, Robertson D, et al.  Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells . Blood. 1990;;75:2417-2426.
9 +
Nickoloff BJ.  The human progenitor cell antigen (CD34) is localized on endothelial cells, dermal dendritic cells, and perifollicular cells in formalin-fixed normal skin, and on proliferating endothelial cells and stromal spindle-shaped cells in Kaposi's sarcoma . Adv Dermatol. 1991;;127:523-529.
10 +
Cohen PR, Rapini RP, Farhood Al.  Expression of the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 in vascular and spindle cell tumors . J Cell Physiol. 1993;;20:15-20.
11 +
Cotsarelis G, Sun TT, Lavker RM.  Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge of the pilosebaceous unit: implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis . Cell. 1990;;61:1329-1337.
12 +
Wade TR, Ackerman AB.  The many faces of basal-cell carcinoma . J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1978;;4:23-28.
13 +
Goslen JB, Eisen AZ, Bauer EA.  Stimulation of skin fibroblast collagenase production by a cytokine derived from basal cell carcinomas . J Invest Dermatol. 1985;;85:161-164.
14 +
Bauer EA, Uitto J, Walters RC, et al.  Enhanced collagenase production by fibroblasts derived from basal cell carcinomas . Cancer Res. 1979;;39:4594-4599.
15 +
Barsky SH, Grossman DA, Bhuta S.  Desmoplastic basal cell carcinomas possess unique basement membrane-degrading properties . J Invest Dermatol. 1987;; 88:324-329.
16 +
Pyke C, Ralfkiaer D, Hyhtala P, et al.  Localization of messenger RNA for Mr 72 000 and 92 000 type IV collagenases in human skin cancers by in situ hybridization . Cancer Res. 1992;;52:1336-1341.
17 +
Karelina TV, Hruza GJ, Goldberg Gl, et al.  Localization of 92-kDa type IV collagenase in human skin tumors: comparison with normal human fetal and adult skin . J Invest Dermatol. 1993;;100:159-165.
18 +
Stahle-Backdahl M, Sudbeck BD, Eisen AZ, et al.  Expression of 92-kDa type IV collagenase mRNA by eosinophils associated with basal cell carcinoma . J Invest Dermatol. 1992;;99:497-503.
19 +
Wolf C, Chenard MP, deGrossouvre PD, et al.  Breast cancer-associated stromelysin-3 gene is expressed in basal cell carcinoma and during cutaneous wound healing . J Invest Dermatol. 1992;;99:870-872.
20 +
Schlagenhauff B, Klessen C, Teichmann-Dorr S, et al.  Demonstration of proteases in basal cell carcinomas . Cancer. 1992;;70:1133-1140.
21 +
Sutherland DR, Abdullah KM, Cyopick P, et al.  Cleavage of the cell-surface O-sialoglycoproteins CD34, CD43, CD44, and CD45 by a novel glycoprotease from Pasteurella haemolytica . J Immunol. 1992;;148:1458-1464.
22 +
Kirshenbaum AS, Kessler SW, Goff JP, et al.  Demonstration of the origin of human mast cells from CD34+ bone marrow progenitor cells . J Immunol. 1991;; 146:1410-1415.
23 +
Hanson CA, Ross CW, Schnitzer B.  Anti-CD34 immunoperoxidase staining in paraffin sections of acute leukemia: comparison with flow cytometric immunophenotyping . Hum Pathol. 1992;;23:26-32.
24 +
Simmons PJ, Torok-Storb B.  CD34 expression by stromal precursors in normal human adult bone marrow . Blood. 1991;;78:2848-2853.
25 +
Huang S, Terstappen LWMM.  Formation of haematopoietic microenvironment and haematopoietic stem cells from single human bone marrow stem cells . Nature. 1992;;360:745-749.
26 +
Schlingemann RO, Rietveld FJR, deWaal RMW, et al.  Leukocyte antigen CD34 is expressed by a subset of cultured endothelial cells and on endothelial abluminal microprocesses in the tumor stroma . Lab Invest. 1990;;62: 690-696.
27 +
Traweek ST, Kandalaft PL, Mehta P, et al.  The human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in vascular neoplasia . Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;; 96:25-31.
28 +
Sirgi KE. Wick MR,  Swanson PE. B72.3 and CD34 immunoreactivity in malignant epithelioid soft tissue tumors: adjuncts in the recognition of endothelial neoplasms . Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;;17:179-185.
29 +
Ramani P, Bradley NJ, Fletcher CDM.  QBEND/10, a new monoclonal antibody to endothelium: asessment of its diagnostic utility in paraffin sections . Histopathology. 1990;;17:237-242.
30 +
Brown J, Greaves MF, Molgaard HV.  The gene encoding the stem cell antigen, CD34, is conserved in mouse and expressed in haemopoietic progenitor cell lines, brain, and embryonic fibroblasts . Int Immunol. 1991;;3:175-184.
31 +
Arber DA, Kandalaft PL. Mehta P, et al.  Vimentin-negative epithelioid sarcoma: the value of an immunohistochemical panel that includes CD34 . Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;;17:302-307.
32 +
Kutzner H.  Expression of the human progenitor cell antigen CD34 (HPCA-1) distinguishes dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans from fibrous histiocytoma in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;;28:613-617.
33 +
Aiba S, Tabata N, Ishil H, et al.  Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a unique fibrohistiocytic tumour expressing CD34 . Br J Dermatol. 1992;;127:79-84.
34 +
Penneys NS, Kaiser M.  Cylindroma expresses immunohistochemical markers linking it to eccrine coil . J Cell Physiol. 1993;;20:40-43.
35 +
He XY, Antao VP, Basila D, et al.  Isolation and molecular characterization of the human CD34 gene . Blood. 1992;;79:2296-2302.
36 +
Satterthwaite AB, Burn TC, LeBeau MM, et al.  Structure of the gene encoding CD34: a human hematopoietic stem cell antigen . Genomics. 1992;;12:788-794.
37 +
Tenen DG. Satterthwaite AB, Borson R, et al.  Chromosome 1 localization of the gene for CD34, a surface antigen of human stem cells . Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1991;;53:55-57.
38 +
Molgaard HV, Spurr NK, Greaves MF.  The hemopoietic stem cell antigen, CD34, is encoded by a gene located on chromosome 1 . Leukemia. 1989;;3:773-776.
39 +
Liesveld JL, Winslow JM, Kempski MC, et al.  Adhesive interactions of normal and leukemic human CD34 myeloid progenitors: role of marrow stromal, fibroblast, and cytomatrix components . Exp Hematol. 1991;;19:63-70.
40 +
Gordon MY, Clarke D, Atkinson J, et al.  Hemopoietic progenitor cell binding to the stromal microenvironment in vitro . Exp Hematol. 1990;;18:837-842.
41 +
Miller SJ, Lavker RM, Sun TT.  Keratinocyte stem cells of cornea, skin and hair follicle: common and distinguishing features . Semin Dev Biol. In press.
42 +
Quesenberry P, Levitt L.  Hematopoietic stem cells . N Engl J Med. 1979;;301: 868-872.
43 +
Fialkow PJ, Singer J, Raskind WH, et al.  Clonal development, stem-cell differentiation, and clinical remissions in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia . N Engl J Med. 1987;;317:468-473.
44 +
Keinanen M, Griffin JD, Bloomfield CD, et al.  Clonal chromosomal abnormalities showing multiple-cell lineage involvement in acute myeloid leukemia . N Engl J Med. 1988;;318:1153-1158.
45 +
Pierce GB, Speers WC.  Tumors as caricatures of the process of tissue renewal: prospects for therapy by directing differentiation . Cancer Res. 1988;;48:1996-2004.

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