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July 1989, Vol 125, No. 7 >
Article | July 1989

Special Techniques in Dermatology

Christine Jaworsky, MD; George F. Murphy, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Accepted for publication February 23, 1989.

Reprint requests to Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, 329 Medical Education Bldg, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (Dr Jaworsky).


From the Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.


Arch Dermatol. 1989;125(7):963-974. doi:10.1001/archderm.1989.01670190097014
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References
Comments

• Beyond routine hematoxylin-eosin histologic examinations, specialized diagnostic techniques allow examination of biopsy material for subtle morphological and functional alterations. Morphological analytic techniques (1-μm section analysis, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray probe microanalysis, and digital image analysis) and functional analytic techniques (immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biologic techniques) are valuable diagnostic tools. These techniques have applications in evaluating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and atypical lymphocytic infiltrates, vesiculobullous disorders, lupus erythematosus and collagen vascular diseases, vasculitis, poorly differentiated tumors, storage diseases, and infections.

(Arch Dermatol. 1989;125:963-974)

REFERENCES

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Karnovsky MJ.  The ultrastructural basis of capillary permeability studied with peroxidase as a tracer . J Cell Biol 1967;;35:213-236.
2 +
Eady RAJ.  The basement membrane: interface between the epithelium and the dermis: structural features . Arch Dermatol. 1988;;124:709-712.
3 +
Pearson RW.  Clinicopathologic types of epidermolysis bullosa and their nondermatological complications . Arch Dermatol. 1988;;124:718-725.
4 +
Murphy GF, Dickersin GR, Harrist TJ, Mihm MC Jr.  The role of diagnostic electron microscopy in dermatology . In: Moschella SL, ed. Dermatology Update: Reviews for Physicians . New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 1982;:355-384.
5 +
Andres TL, Vallyathan V, Madison JF.  Electron-probe microanalysis: aid in the study of skin granulomas . Arch Dermatol. 1980;;116:1272-1274.
6 +
Heinrich KFJ.  Scanning electron probe microanalysis . In: Barer R, Cosslett VE, eds. Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1976;;6:275-301.
7 +
Lutzner M.  Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: the Sezary syndrome, mycosis fungoides and related disorders . Ann Intern Med. 1975;;83:534-552.
8 +
Rosas-Uribe A, Variakojis D, Molnar Z, Rappaport H.  Mycosis fungoides: an ultrastructural study . Cancer. 1974;;34:634-645.
9 +
Scgrek R.  Ultrastructure of blood lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma cell leukemia . JNCI. 1972;;48:51-64.
10 +
O'Briain DS, Lawlor E, Sarsfeild P, Cooney C, Blaney CH, Sullivan FJ.  Circulating cerebriform lymphoid cells (Sezary-type cells) in a B-cell malignant lymphoma . Cancer. 1988;;61:1587-1593.
11 +
Crocker J, Jones EL, Curran RC.  A comparative study of nuclear form factor, area and diameter in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and reactive lymph nodes . J Clin Pathol. 1983;;36:298-302.
12 +
Payne CM, Grogan TM, Lynch PJ.  An ultrastructural morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of cutaneous lymphomas and benign lymphocytic infiltrates of the skin: useful criteria for diagnosis . Arch Dermatol. 1986;;122:1139-1154.
13 +
Horton JJ, Allen MH, MacDonald DM.  An assessment of Langerhans cell quantification in tissue sections . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;;11:591-593.
14 +
Tidman MJ, Eady RAJ.  Ultrastructural morphometry of normal human dermal-epidermal junction: the influence of age, sex and body region on laminar and nonlaminar components . J Invest Dermatol. 1984;;83:448-453.
15 +
Chu AC, Bhogal B, Black MM.  Immunocytochemistry in dermatology . In: Polak JM, VanNoorden S, eds. Immunocytochemistry: Practical Applications in Pathology and Biology . Boston, Mass: John Wright-PSG Inc; 1983;:302-333.
16 +
Taylor CR.  Immunoperoxidase techniques: practical and theoretical aspects . Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1978;;102:113-121.
17 +
Guldhammer B, Norgaard T.  The differential diagnosis of intraepidermal malignant lesions using immunohistochemistry . Am J Dermatopathol. 1986;;8:295-301.
18 +
Erlandson RA.  Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of human tumors: an interim evaluation . Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;;8:615-624.
19 +
von Krogh G, Syrjanen SM, Syrjanen KJ.  Advantage of human papillomavirus typing in the clinical evaluation of genitoanal warts . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;;18:495-503.
20 +
Fenoglio-Preiser CM.  Technology transfer: the new molecular pathology, opportunities for the future . Mod Pathol. 1988;;1:251-255.
21 +
Howley PM.  The role of papilloma virus in human cancer . In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Important Advances in Cancer . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1987;:55.
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Fenoglio CM, Oster MW, Lo Gerfo P, et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma following chemotherapy for testicular cancer in a homosexual man: demonstration of cytomegalovirus RNA in sarcoma cells . Hum Pathol. 1982;;13:955-959.
23 +
Hino O, Kitagawa T, Koike T, Kobayashi M, Hara M, Mori W.  Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocellular carcinomas in Japan . Hepatology. 1984;;4:90-95.
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Brandsman J, Miller G.  Nucleic acid spot hybridization: rapid quantitative screening of lymphoid cell lines for Epstein Barr viral DNA . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980;;77:6851-6855.
25 +
McDougall JK, Crum CP, Fenoglio CM, Goldstein LC, Galloway DA.  Herpes virus-specific RNA and protein in carcinoma of the uterine cervix . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1982;;79:3853-3857.
26 +
Harper ME, Kaplan MH, Marselle LM, et al.  Concomitant infection with HTLV-I and HTLV-III in a patient with T8 lymphoproliferative disease . N Engl J Med. 1986;;315:1073-1078.
27 +
Shibata D, Arnheim N, Martin WJ.  Detection of human papilloma virus in paraffin-embedded tissue using the polymerase chain reaction . J Exp Med. 1988;;167:225-230.
28 +
Shibata D, Fu YS, Gupta JW, Shah KV, Arnheim N, Martin WJ.  Methods in laboratory investigation: detection of human papilloma virus in normal and dysplastic tissue by the polymerase chain reaction . Lab Invest. 1988;;59:555-559.
29 +
Cossman J, Uppenkamp M, Sundeen J, Coupland R, Raffeld M.  Molecular genetics and the diagnosis of lymphoma . Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1988;;112:117-127.
30 +
Vonderheid EC, Tan E, Sobel EL, Schwab E, Micaily B, Jegasothy BV.  Clinical implications of immunologic phenotyping in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;;17:40-52.
31 +
Murphy GF, Mihm MC Jr.  Benign, dysplastic and malignant lymphoid infiltrates of the skin: an approach based on pattern analysis . In: Murphy GF, Mihm MC Jr, eds. Lymphoproliferative Disorders of the Skin . Woburn, Mass: Butterworths; 1986;:123-141.
32 +
Harrist TJ, Murphy GF, Mihm MC Jr.  Lymphomatoid vasculitis: a subset of lymphocytic vasculitis . In: Moschella SL, ed. Dermatology Update: Reviews for Physicians . New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 1982;:115-133.
33 +
Haynes BF, Miller SE, Palker TJ, et al.  Identification of human T cell leukemia virus in a Japanese patient with adult T cell leukemia and cutaneous lymphomatous vasculitis . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1983;;80:2054-2058.
34 +
Catovsky D, Rose M, Goolden AWG, et al.  Adult T-cell lymphoma-leukaemia in blacks from the West Indies . Lancet. 1982;;1:639-643.
35 +
Vuth-Dreese FA, DeVries JE.  Human T-cell leukemia virus in lymphocytes from T-cell leukemia patient originating from Surinam . Lancet. 1982;;2:993-994.
36 +
Weinberg JB, Spiegel RA, Blazey DL, et al.  Human T-cell lymphotropic virus I and adult T-cell leukemia: report of a cluster in North Carolina . Am J Med. 1988;;85:51-58.
37 +
Kuo T, Sato H, Dunn P, et al.  Presence of HTLV-I proviral DNA in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Taiwan . Cancer. 1988;;62:702-704.
38 +
Reitz MS Jr, Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gallo RC.  Characterization and distribution of nucleic acid sequences of a novel type C retrovirus isolated from neoplastic human T lymphocytes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981;;78:1887-1891.
39 +
Takigawa M, Inoue F, Iwatsuki K, Yamada M.  Does adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma belong to the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma category? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;;18:379-381.
40 +
Takahashi K, Tanaka T, Fujita M, Horiguchi Y, Miyachi Y, Imamura S.  Cutaneous-type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: a unique clinical feature with monoclonal T-cell proliferation detected by Southern blot analysis . Arch Dermatol. 1988;;124:399-404.
41 +
Palestine RF, Kossard S, Dicken CH.  Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: a heterogeneous disease . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;; 5:43-53.
42 +
Unis ME, Pfau RG, Patel H, Takahashi Y, Anhalt GJ.  An acquired form of epidermolysis bullosa without immunoreactants . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;;13:377-380.
43 +
Lacour JP, Juhlin L, El Baze P, Ortonne J.  Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with negative direct immunofluorescence . Arch Dermatol. 1985;;121:1183-1185.
44 +
Richter BJ, McNutt NS.  The spectrum of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita . Arch Dermatol. 1979;;115:1325-1329.
45 +
Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, Inman AO III, Queen LL, Wheeler CE.  Differentiating anti-lamina lucida and anti-sublamina densa anti-BMZ antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on 1.0M sodium chloride-separated skin . J Invest Dermatol. 1984;;82:139-144.
46 +
Tabas M, Gibbons S, Bauer EA.  The mechanobullous diseases . Dermatol Clin. 1987;;5:123-136.
47 +
Rodeck CH, Eady RAJ, Gosden CM.  Prenatal diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa . Lancet. 1980;;1:949-952.
48 +
Fine JD.  Epidermolysis bullosa: clinical aspects, pathology and recent advances in research . Int J Dermatol. 1986;;25:143-157.
49 +
Fine JD, Breathnach SM, Hintner H, Katz SI.  KF-1 monoclonal antibody defines a specific basement membrane defect in dystrophic forms in epidermolysis bullosa . J Invest Dermatol. 1984;;82:35-38.
50 +
Goldsmith LA, Briggaman RA.  Monoclonal antibodies to anchoring fibrils for the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa . J Invest Dermatol. 1983;;81:464-466.
51 +
Heagerty AHM, Kennedy AR, Gunner DB, Eady RAJ.  Rapid prenatal diagnosis and exclusion of epidermolysis bullosa using novel antibody probes . J Invest Dermatol. 1986;;86:603-605.
52 +
Heagerty AHM, Eady RAJ, Kennedy AR, et al.  Rapid prenatal diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa letalis using GB3 monoclonal antibody . Br J Dermatol. 1987;;117:271-275.
53 +
Cormane RH, Szabo E, Hauge LS.  Immunofluorescence of the skin: the interpretation of the staining of blood vessels and connective tissue aided by new techniques . Br J Dermatol. 1970;;2( (suppl 5) ):26-53.
54 +
Epstein JH, Tuffanelli DL, Epstein WL.  Cutaneous porphyrias and porphyria-like cutaneous changes induced by drug photosensitization . In: Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Bean SF, eds. Immunopathology of the Skin. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1979;:445-471.
55 +
Harrist TJ, Mihm MC Jr.  Cutaneous immunopathology: the diagnostic use of direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques in dermatologic disease . Hum Pathol. 1979;;10:625-653.
56 +
Burnham TK, Neblett TR, Fine G.  The application of fluorescent antibody technique to the investigation of lupus erythematosus and various dermatoses . J Invest Dermatol. 1963;;41:451-456.
57 +
Cormane RH.  `Bound' globulin in the skin of patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus . Lancet. 1964;;1:534-535.
58 +
Tuffanelli DL.  Cutaneous immunopathology: recent observations . J Invest Dermatol. 1975;;65:143-153.
59 +
Provost TT, Andres G, Maddison PJ, et al.  Lupus band test in untreated SLE patients: correlation of immunoglobulin deposition in the skin of the extensor forearm with clinical renal disease and serologic abnormalities . J Invest Dermatol. 1980;;74:407-412.
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Hossain A.  Rapid diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections by a monoclonal antibody direct immunofluorescence test . J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;;90:307-310.
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Weismeier E, Bruckner D, Black M.  Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection by direct immunofluorescence staining of genital secretion . Obstet Gynecol. 1987;;69:347-349.
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Solomon AR.  New diagnostic tests for herpes simplex and varicella zoster infections . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;;18:218-221.
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Lafferty WE, Krofft S, Remington M, et al.  Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus by direct immunofluorescence and viral isolation from samples of external genital lesions in a high-prevalence population . J Clin Microbiol. 1987;;25:323-326.
75 +
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Lange JV, Walker DH.  Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii . Infect Immun. 1984;;46:289-294.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Karnovsky MJ.  The ultrastructural basis of capillary permeability studied with peroxidase as a tracer . J Cell Biol 1967;;35:213-236.
2 +
Eady RAJ.  The basement membrane: interface between the epithelium and the dermis: structural features . Arch Dermatol. 1988;;124:709-712.
3 +
Pearson RW.  Clinicopathologic types of epidermolysis bullosa and their nondermatological complications . Arch Dermatol. 1988;;124:718-725.
4 +
Murphy GF, Dickersin GR, Harrist TJ, Mihm MC Jr.  The role of diagnostic electron microscopy in dermatology . In: Moschella SL, ed. Dermatology Update: Reviews for Physicians . New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 1982;:355-384.
5 +
Andres TL, Vallyathan V, Madison JF.  Electron-probe microanalysis: aid in the study of skin granulomas . Arch Dermatol. 1980;;116:1272-1274.
6 +
Heinrich KFJ.  Scanning electron probe microanalysis . In: Barer R, Cosslett VE, eds. Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1976;;6:275-301.
7 +
Lutzner M.  Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: the Sezary syndrome, mycosis fungoides and related disorders . Ann Intern Med. 1975;;83:534-552.
8 +
Rosas-Uribe A, Variakojis D, Molnar Z, Rappaport H.  Mycosis fungoides: an ultrastructural study . Cancer. 1974;;34:634-645.
9 +
Scgrek R.  Ultrastructure of blood lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma cell leukemia . JNCI. 1972;;48:51-64.
10 +
O'Briain DS, Lawlor E, Sarsfeild P, Cooney C, Blaney CH, Sullivan FJ.  Circulating cerebriform lymphoid cells (Sezary-type cells) in a B-cell malignant lymphoma . Cancer. 1988;;61:1587-1593.
11 +
Crocker J, Jones EL, Curran RC.  A comparative study of nuclear form factor, area and diameter in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and reactive lymph nodes . J Clin Pathol. 1983;;36:298-302.
12 +
Payne CM, Grogan TM, Lynch PJ.  An ultrastructural morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of cutaneous lymphomas and benign lymphocytic infiltrates of the skin: useful criteria for diagnosis . Arch Dermatol. 1986;;122:1139-1154.
13 +
Horton JJ, Allen MH, MacDonald DM.  An assessment of Langerhans cell quantification in tissue sections . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;;11:591-593.
14 +
Tidman MJ, Eady RAJ.  Ultrastructural morphometry of normal human dermal-epidermal junction: the influence of age, sex and body region on laminar and nonlaminar components . J Invest Dermatol. 1984;;83:448-453.
15 +
Chu AC, Bhogal B, Black MM.  Immunocytochemistry in dermatology . In: Polak JM, VanNoorden S, eds. Immunocytochemistry: Practical Applications in Pathology and Biology . Boston, Mass: John Wright-PSG Inc; 1983;:302-333.
16 +
Taylor CR.  Immunoperoxidase techniques: practical and theoretical aspects . Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1978;;102:113-121.
17 +
Guldhammer B, Norgaard T.  The differential diagnosis of intraepidermal malignant lesions using immunohistochemistry . Am J Dermatopathol. 1986;;8:295-301.
18 +
Erlandson RA.  Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of human tumors: an interim evaluation . Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;;8:615-624.
19 +
von Krogh G, Syrjanen SM, Syrjanen KJ.  Advantage of human papillomavirus typing in the clinical evaluation of genitoanal warts . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;;18:495-503.
20 +
Fenoglio-Preiser CM.  Technology transfer: the new molecular pathology, opportunities for the future . Mod Pathol. 1988;;1:251-255.
21 +
Howley PM.  The role of papilloma virus in human cancer . In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Important Advances in Cancer . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1987;:55.
22 +
Fenoglio CM, Oster MW, Lo Gerfo P, et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma following chemotherapy for testicular cancer in a homosexual man: demonstration of cytomegalovirus RNA in sarcoma cells . Hum Pathol. 1982;;13:955-959.
23 +
Hino O, Kitagawa T, Koike T, Kobayashi M, Hara M, Mori W.  Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocellular carcinomas in Japan . Hepatology. 1984;;4:90-95.
24 +
Brandsman J, Miller G.  Nucleic acid spot hybridization: rapid quantitative screening of lymphoid cell lines for Epstein Barr viral DNA . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980;;77:6851-6855.
25 +
McDougall JK, Crum CP, Fenoglio CM, Goldstein LC, Galloway DA.  Herpes virus-specific RNA and protein in carcinoma of the uterine cervix . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1982;;79:3853-3857.
26 +
Harper ME, Kaplan MH, Marselle LM, et al.  Concomitant infection with HTLV-I and HTLV-III in a patient with T8 lymphoproliferative disease . N Engl J Med. 1986;;315:1073-1078.
27 +
Shibata D, Arnheim N, Martin WJ.  Detection of human papilloma virus in paraffin-embedded tissue using the polymerase chain reaction . J Exp Med. 1988;;167:225-230.
28 +
Shibata D, Fu YS, Gupta JW, Shah KV, Arnheim N, Martin WJ.  Methods in laboratory investigation: detection of human papilloma virus in normal and dysplastic tissue by the polymerase chain reaction . Lab Invest. 1988;;59:555-559.
29 +
Cossman J, Uppenkamp M, Sundeen J, Coupland R, Raffeld M.  Molecular genetics and the diagnosis of lymphoma . Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1988;;112:117-127.
30 +
Vonderheid EC, Tan E, Sobel EL, Schwab E, Micaily B, Jegasothy BV.  Clinical implications of immunologic phenotyping in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;;17:40-52.
31 +
Murphy GF, Mihm MC Jr.  Benign, dysplastic and malignant lymphoid infiltrates of the skin: an approach based on pattern analysis . In: Murphy GF, Mihm MC Jr, eds. Lymphoproliferative Disorders of the Skin . Woburn, Mass: Butterworths; 1986;:123-141.
32 +
Harrist TJ, Murphy GF, Mihm MC Jr.  Lymphomatoid vasculitis: a subset of lymphocytic vasculitis . In: Moschella SL, ed. Dermatology Update: Reviews for Physicians . New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 1982;:115-133.
33 +
Haynes BF, Miller SE, Palker TJ, et al.  Identification of human T cell leukemia virus in a Japanese patient with adult T cell leukemia and cutaneous lymphomatous vasculitis . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1983;;80:2054-2058.
34 +
Catovsky D, Rose M, Goolden AWG, et al.  Adult T-cell lymphoma-leukaemia in blacks from the West Indies . Lancet. 1982;;1:639-643.
35 +
Vuth-Dreese FA, DeVries JE.  Human T-cell leukemia virus in lymphocytes from T-cell leukemia patient originating from Surinam . Lancet. 1982;;2:993-994.
36 +
Weinberg JB, Spiegel RA, Blazey DL, et al.  Human T-cell lymphotropic virus I and adult T-cell leukemia: report of a cluster in North Carolina . Am J Med. 1988;;85:51-58.
37 +
Kuo T, Sato H, Dunn P, et al.  Presence of HTLV-I proviral DNA in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Taiwan . Cancer. 1988;;62:702-704.
38 +
Reitz MS Jr, Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gallo RC.  Characterization and distribution of nucleic acid sequences of a novel type C retrovirus isolated from neoplastic human T lymphocytes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981;;78:1887-1891.
39 +
Takigawa M, Inoue F, Iwatsuki K, Yamada M.  Does adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma belong to the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma category? J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;;18:379-381.
40 +
Takahashi K, Tanaka T, Fujita M, Horiguchi Y, Miyachi Y, Imamura S.  Cutaneous-type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: a unique clinical feature with monoclonal T-cell proliferation detected by Southern blot analysis . Arch Dermatol. 1988;;124:399-404.
41 +
Palestine RF, Kossard S, Dicken CH.  Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: a heterogeneous disease . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;; 5:43-53.
42 +
Unis ME, Pfau RG, Patel H, Takahashi Y, Anhalt GJ.  An acquired form of epidermolysis bullosa without immunoreactants . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;;13:377-380.
43 +
Lacour JP, Juhlin L, El Baze P, Ortonne J.  Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with negative direct immunofluorescence . Arch Dermatol. 1985;;121:1183-1185.
44 +
Richter BJ, McNutt NS.  The spectrum of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita . Arch Dermatol. 1979;;115:1325-1329.
45 +
Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, Inman AO III, Queen LL, Wheeler CE.  Differentiating anti-lamina lucida and anti-sublamina densa anti-BMZ antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on 1.0M sodium chloride-separated skin . J Invest Dermatol. 1984;;82:139-144.
46 +
Tabas M, Gibbons S, Bauer EA.  The mechanobullous diseases . Dermatol Clin. 1987;;5:123-136.
47 +
Rodeck CH, Eady RAJ, Gosden CM.  Prenatal diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa . Lancet. 1980;;1:949-952.
48 +
Fine JD.  Epidermolysis bullosa: clinical aspects, pathology and recent advances in research . Int J Dermatol. 1986;;25:143-157.
49 +
Fine JD, Breathnach SM, Hintner H, Katz SI.  KF-1 monoclonal antibody defines a specific basement membrane defect in dystrophic forms in epidermolysis bullosa . J Invest Dermatol. 1984;;82:35-38.
50 +
Goldsmith LA, Briggaman RA.  Monoclonal antibodies to anchoring fibrils for the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa . J Invest Dermatol. 1983;;81:464-466.
51 +
Heagerty AHM, Kennedy AR, Gunner DB, Eady RAJ.  Rapid prenatal diagnosis and exclusion of epidermolysis bullosa using novel antibody probes . J Invest Dermatol. 1986;;86:603-605.
52 +
Heagerty AHM, Eady RAJ, Kennedy AR, et al.  Rapid prenatal diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa letalis using GB3 monoclonal antibody . Br J Dermatol. 1987;;117:271-275.
53 +
Cormane RH, Szabo E, Hauge LS.  Immunofluorescence of the skin: the interpretation of the staining of blood vessels and connective tissue aided by new techniques . Br J Dermatol. 1970;;2( (suppl 5) ):26-53.
54 +
Epstein JH, Tuffanelli DL, Epstein WL.  Cutaneous porphyrias and porphyria-like cutaneous changes induced by drug photosensitization . In: Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Bean SF, eds. Immunopathology of the Skin. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1979;:445-471.
55 +
Harrist TJ, Mihm MC Jr.  Cutaneous immunopathology: the diagnostic use of direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques in dermatologic disease . Hum Pathol. 1979;;10:625-653.
56 +
Burnham TK, Neblett TR, Fine G.  The application of fluorescent antibody technique to the investigation of lupus erythematosus and various dermatoses . J Invest Dermatol. 1963;;41:451-456.
57 +
Cormane RH.  `Bound' globulin in the skin of patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus . Lancet. 1964;;1:534-535.
58 +
Tuffanelli DL.  Cutaneous immunopathology: recent observations . J Invest Dermatol. 1975;;65:143-153.
59 +
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