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March 1988, Vol 124, No. 3 >
Article | March 1988

Calcium and the Skin

Janet A. Fairley, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Department of Dermatology University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry 601 Elmwood Ave PO Box 697 Rochester, NY 14642


Arch Dermatol. 1988;124(3):443-444. doi:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670030103034
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Mother did not know how right she was in exhorting her children to drink milk. In addition to building strong bones and teeth, data have been accumulating that on an "ionic" level calcium regulates cell functions as diverse as insulin secretion, muscle contraction, and mast cell degranulation. In addition, calcium plays an important role in regulating proliferation and differentiation of the skin.

Nature maintains steep calcium gradients in and outside cells that allows calcium to act as an internal messenger, translating extracellular signals into cellular responses.1 Calcium is normally stored in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and a low, free intracellular concentration in the cytoplasm is maintained (10-7 mol/L). However, the free intracellular calcium is the physiologically active internal calcium. Calcium levels outside the cells and in the storage compartments are 10000 times higher than the free intracellular calcium concentration. Transport of small amounts of calcium from the

REFERENCES

1 +
Rasmussen H:  The calcium messenger system . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:1094-1101.
2 +
Michell B:  Oncogenes and inositol lipids . Nature 1984;; 308:770.
3 +
Hennings H, Michael D, Cheng C, et al:  Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture . Cell 1980;;19:245-254.
4 +
Menon GK, Grayson S, Elias PM:  Ionic calcium reservoirs in mammalian epidermis: Ultrastructural localization with ion-capture chromatography . J Invest Dermatol 1985;;84:508-512.
5 +
Tsukita S, Tsukita S:  Desmocalmin: A calmodulin-binding high-molecular-weight protein isolated from desmosomes . J Cell Biol 1985;;101:2070-2080.
6 +
Cheung WY:  Calmodulin: An overview . Fed Proc 1982;; 41:2253-2257.
7 +
Iizuka H, Hashimoto M, Hirokawa M, et al:  Pig-skin epidermal calmodulin: Effects of antagonists of calmodulin on DNA synthesis of pig-skin epidermis . Arch Dermatol Res 1985;;278:133-137.
8 +
Van de Kerkhof PCM, Van Erp PEJ:  Calmodulin levels are grossly elevated in the psoriatic lesion . Br J Dermatol 1983;; 108:217-218.
9 +
Tucker WFG, MacNeil S, Bleehen SS, et al:  Biologically active calmodulin levels are elevated in both involved and uninvolved epidermis in psoriasis . J Invest Dermatol 1984;;82:298-299.
10 +
Fairley JA, Marcelo CL, Hogan VA, et al:  Increased calmodulin levels in psoriasis and low calcium-regulated mouse epidermal keratinocyte cultures . J Invest Dermatol 1985;;84:195-198.
11 +
Mizumoto T, Hashimoto Y, Hirokawa M, et al:  Calmodulin activities are significantly increased in both uninvolved and involved epidermis in psoriasis . J Invest Dermatol 1985;;85:450-452.
12 +
Stewart AF, Battaglini-Sabetta J, Millstone L:  Hypocalcemia-induced pustular psoriasis: New experience with an old syndrome . Ann Intern Med 1984;;100:677-680.
13 +
Tucker WFG, MacNeil S, Dawson RA, et al:  An investigation of the ability of antipsoriatic drugs to inhibit calmodulin activity: A possible mode of action of dithranol (anthralin) . J Invest Dermatol 1986;;87:232-235.
14 +
Humbert P, Renaud A, Agache P:  Calmodulin inhibitor therapy in psoriasis . Arch Dermatol 1986;;122:856-857.
15 +
Suzuki N, Kanno T, Nagata Y, et al:  Inhibition of proliferative growth in glioma cells by calmodulin antagonists . J Neurosurg 1986;;65:74-79.
16 +
MacNeil S, Walker SW, Senior J, et al:  Effects of extracellular calmodulin and calmodulin antagonists on B16 melanoma cell growth . J Invest Dermatol 1984;;83:15-19.
17 +
MacManus JP, Brewer LM, Whitfield JF:  The widely distributed tumour protein, oncomodulin, is a normal constituent of human and rodent placentas . Cancer Lett 1985;;27:145-151.
18 +
Fujita T:  Calcium and aging . Calcif Tissue Int 1985;;37:1-2.
19 +
Peterson C, Goldman JE:  Alterations in calcium content and biochemical processes in cultured skin fibroblasts from aged and Alzheimer donors . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;;83:2758-2762.
20 +
Wesseling H, Agoston S, Van Dam GBP, et al:  Effects of 4-aminopyridine in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease . N Engl J Med 1984;;310:988-989.

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1 +
Rasmussen H:  The calcium messenger system . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:1094-1101.
2 +
Michell B:  Oncogenes and inositol lipids . Nature 1984;; 308:770.
3 +
Hennings H, Michael D, Cheng C, et al:  Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture . Cell 1980;;19:245-254.
4 +
Menon GK, Grayson S, Elias PM:  Ionic calcium reservoirs in mammalian epidermis: Ultrastructural localization with ion-capture chromatography . J Invest Dermatol 1985;;84:508-512.
5 +
Tsukita S, Tsukita S:  Desmocalmin: A calmodulin-binding high-molecular-weight protein isolated from desmosomes . J Cell Biol 1985;;101:2070-2080.
6 +
Cheung WY:  Calmodulin: An overview . Fed Proc 1982;; 41:2253-2257.
7 +
Iizuka H, Hashimoto M, Hirokawa M, et al:  Pig-skin epidermal calmodulin: Effects of antagonists of calmodulin on DNA synthesis of pig-skin epidermis . Arch Dermatol Res 1985;;278:133-137.
8 +
Van de Kerkhof PCM, Van Erp PEJ:  Calmodulin levels are grossly elevated in the psoriatic lesion . Br J Dermatol 1983;; 108:217-218.
9 +
Tucker WFG, MacNeil S, Bleehen SS, et al:  Biologically active calmodulin levels are elevated in both involved and uninvolved epidermis in psoriasis . J Invest Dermatol 1984;;82:298-299.
10 +
Fairley JA, Marcelo CL, Hogan VA, et al:  Increased calmodulin levels in psoriasis and low calcium-regulated mouse epidermal keratinocyte cultures . J Invest Dermatol 1985;;84:195-198.
11 +
Mizumoto T, Hashimoto Y, Hirokawa M, et al:  Calmodulin activities are significantly increased in both uninvolved and involved epidermis in psoriasis . J Invest Dermatol 1985;;85:450-452.
12 +
Stewart AF, Battaglini-Sabetta J, Millstone L:  Hypocalcemia-induced pustular psoriasis: New experience with an old syndrome . Ann Intern Med 1984;;100:677-680.
13 +
Tucker WFG, MacNeil S, Dawson RA, et al:  An investigation of the ability of antipsoriatic drugs to inhibit calmodulin activity: A possible mode of action of dithranol (anthralin) . J Invest Dermatol 1986;;87:232-235.
14 +
Humbert P, Renaud A, Agache P:  Calmodulin inhibitor therapy in psoriasis . Arch Dermatol 1986;;122:856-857.
15 +
Suzuki N, Kanno T, Nagata Y, et al:  Inhibition of proliferative growth in glioma cells by calmodulin antagonists . J Neurosurg 1986;;65:74-79.
16 +
MacNeil S, Walker SW, Senior J, et al:  Effects of extracellular calmodulin and calmodulin antagonists on B16 melanoma cell growth . J Invest Dermatol 1984;;83:15-19.
17 +
MacManus JP, Brewer LM, Whitfield JF:  The widely distributed tumour protein, oncomodulin, is a normal constituent of human and rodent placentas . Cancer Lett 1985;;27:145-151.
18 +
Fujita T:  Calcium and aging . Calcif Tissue Int 1985;;37:1-2.
19 +
Peterson C, Goldman JE:  Alterations in calcium content and biochemical processes in cultured skin fibroblasts from aged and Alzheimer donors . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;;83:2758-2762.
20 +
Wesseling H, Agoston S, Van Dam GBP, et al:  Effects of 4-aminopyridine in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease . N Engl J Med 1984;;310:988-989.

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