Molecular Analysis of Aggressive Microdermabrasion in Photoaged Skin FREE

Microdermabrasion is a popular procedure for skin rejuvenation. It has been suggested that microdermabrasion can improve the appearance of wrinkles,¹ atrophic acne scars,² dyspigmentation,³ and other signs of aging skin. The proposed mechanism by which microdermabrasion exerts these effects is through remodeling the dermis with elaboration of new collagen and other matrix components.^1,3- 4

Karimipour et al⁵ demonstrated that aluminum oxide microdermabrasion activates a dermal remodeling cascade involving cytokines, transcription factors, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, stimulation of new collagen synthesis occurred in only a few subjects and was not statistically significant. A possible explanation for the lack of significant collagen production might relate to the minimal wounding of microdermabrasion.⁶ In fact, aggressive ablative resurfacing procedures characteristically result in significant collagen production.^7- 8

Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate whether microdermabrasion could be improved through more aggressive (but still nonablative) perturbation of the epidermis. We hypothesized that increasing the wounding stimulus might enhance dermal remodeling, as observed with other aggressive procedures,^7- 8 and thereby elicit consistent induction of collagen production. To test this hypothesis, we used a diamond-studded handpiece with varying roughness as a wounding stimulus.

The microdermabrasion system used (DiamondTome; Altair Instruments, Camarillo, California) offers a unique way to vary the abrasive stimulus. The system differs from standard microdermabrasion systems that use aluminum oxide crystals as corundum. The system uses a handpiece that has diamond fragments embedded in the contact point of the wand with the skin. The wand's roughness is controlled by the size of the diamond particles at the contact point.

We assessed the ability of medium-grit and coarse-grit handpieces to elicit molecular responses that occur during normal wound healing. Collagen production was quantified.

This study was approved by the University of Michigan Medical School Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research. All subjects provided written informed consent. Forty subjects (26 males and 14 females), aged 50 to 83 years, received a single microdermabrasion treatment with the diamond-studded handpiece to photodamaged forearm skin using a medium-grit (100-μm particle size) or coarse-grit (125-μm particle size) wand. In each subject, three 2 × 2-cm areas of photodamaged forearm skin were treated with microdermabrasion. The microdermabrasion device was set at −25 inches mercury, and the microdermabrasion wand was applied in horizontal, vertical, and oblique directions for a total of 3 passes. For this study, 3 passes represents 1 microdermabrasion treatment. Each pass was characterized as a back-and-forth motion lasting approximately 15 seconds to “paint” the test area in sequential rows; the handpiece was not lifted off the skin during each pass. This procedure is similar to how we perform microdermabrasion on a daily basis in our clinic. The treatment resulted in mild erythema in all subjects that would typically last less than 2 hours.

Punch biopsy specimens (4 mm) were obtained from treated and untreated (control) skin at different intervals ranging from 4 hours to 14 days after treatment. Each subject's baseline (no treatment) biopsy specimen served as his or her control. Immediately after biopsy, skin specimens were embedded in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) embedding medium (Tissue-Tek OCT compound; Miles, Naperville, Illinois), frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until processing.

RNA extraction from skin biopsy specimens, reverse transcription, and messenger RNA (mRNA) quantification by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction were performed as previously described.⁹ Custom primers and probes were used for type I procollagen (COL1A1) (GenBank Z74615), type III procollagen (COL3A1) (GenBank X15332), and the housekeeping gene 36B4 (GenBank AB007187). All other primer-probe sets were validated gene expression assays (TaqMan; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). Results are presented as fold change in treated vs untreated skin samples (normalized to transcript levels of 36B4) or as fold change vs 36B4 (2^{−[CTtarget − CT36B4]}, where CT indicates cycle threshold and is the end point of the real-time polymerase chain reaction).

Frozen tissue embedded in OCT medium was cut into 7-μm-thick sections. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the following primary antibodies: cytokeratin 16 (Novocastra; Leica Microsystems, Bannockburn, Illinois), cJun (Abtransduction Laboratories, Lexington, Kentucky), JunB (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, California), MMP type 1 (MMP1), prolyl 4-hydroxylase, type I procollagen (Chemicon, Temecula, California), neutrophil elastase (DAKO, Carpinteria, California), heat shock protein 47 (HSP47; BioGenex, San Ramone, California), and fibroblast activation protein (Bender Medsystems, Burlingame, California). Tissue-bound primary antibody was visualized with a secondary antibody–peroxidase complex,¹⁰ and the amount of staining was quantified using commercially available software (Image-Pro; Media Cybernetics, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland). To assess the specificity of staining, substitution of isotype γ-globulin for the primary antibody was used. There was no staining visualized with any isotype γ-globulin.

Frozen sections (50 μm thick) were collected from OCT-embedded skin samples onto polyethylene naphthalate foil-coated slides (Leica Microsystems). For each sample, the dermal area was measured using software associated with the laser capture microdissection microscope (Leica AS LMD), and skin sections were isolated from surrounding OCT by microdissection. Samples were collected into ice-cold protein extraction buffer (50mM Tris hydrochloride [pH 7.4], 0.15M sodium chloride, 1% Triton X-100, and protease inhibitors [Complete Mini; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana]). Extraction products were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 10 000g at 4°C, and supernatants were assayed for type I procollagen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Panvera, Madison, Wisconsin). Type I procollagen protein concentrations were normalized to sample volumes.

Changes in biomarkers over time compared with baseline levels were statistically evaluated using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Dunnett multiple comparisons procedure was used to test the significance of specific comparisons. The type I error rate was set at .05 for a 2-tailed hypothesis. Descriptive statistics included means, ranges, and standard errors. These data were analyzed using commercially available statistical software (SAS; SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, North Carolina).

We demonstrate that aggressive nonablative microdermabrasion is an effective procedure to stimulate collagen production in human skin in vivo. The beneficial molecular responses, with minimal downtime, suggest that aggressive microdermabrasion may be a useful procedure to stimulate remodeling and to improve the appearance of aged human skin.

Induction of cytokeratin 16 by interfollicular keratinocytes is a well-characterized response to epidermal injury.¹¹ A single microdermabrasion treatment with the coarse-grit handpiece resulted in 11-fold induction of cytokeratin 16 gene expression (GenBank NM004084.2) 6 hours after treatment (P < .05). Cytokeratin gene expression was still elevated 24 hours after treatment (10-fold vs untreated skin, P < .05) and decreased slowly over the ensuing 48 hours (Figure 1A). At the protein level, cytokeratin 16 was not detectable at baseline and was readily detectable in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis 24 and 48 hours after treatment (Figure 1B).

JunB and cJun are components of the AP-1 transcription factor complex.¹² They control several important gene products involved in the regulation of epidermal wound response and epidermal differentiation, including MMPs, cytokeratin 16, and inflammatory mediators.^13- 14 JunB and cJun protein expression was dramatically induced within 6 hours after a single coarse-grit microdermabrasion treatment (Figure 2A and B). JunB and cJun protein expression was induced in keratinocytes throughout the epidermis and localized in cell nuclei. JunB and cJun protein expression levels returned to baseline levels 24 hours after treatment (data not shown).

Primary proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 1β mRNA (GenBank NM000576.2) was induced 10-fold (P < .05) 6 hours after a single treatment with the coarse-grit wand (Figure 3). Microdermabrasion did not induce gene expression of the primary cytokine tumor necrosis factor (GenBank NM000594.2) (data not shown). Interleukin 1β can stimulate induction of other cytokines that are involved in wound healing. Interleukin 8 is one such cytokine and is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant. A single microdermabrasion treatment using the coarse-grit handpiece resulted in statistically significant increases in IL-8 gene expression (GenBank NM000584.2). Interleukin 8 gene expression was maximally induced 64-fold 6 hours after a single treatment (P < .05) (Figure 4).

One of the early inflammatory cellular events following epidermal injury is neutrophil infiltration into the wound site.¹⁵ Neutrophil elastase was used as a marker for infiltrating neutrophils. Neutrophil elastase protein expression was not detectable at baseline but was readily detectable 6 and 24 hours after coarse-grit microdermabrasion treatment (Figure 5). Neutrophil elastase expression was induced throughout the reticular dermis. Increased neutrophil infiltration into the skin is consistent with observed elevations in IL-8 level.

Antimicrobial peptides constitute a large diverse group of small-molecular-weight proteins that function in host defense against infection by directly killing microorganisms and by modulating innate and adaptive immunity.¹⁶Recent studies^17- 18 have demonstrated altered expression of antimicrobial peptides in inflammatory skin diseases and following skin injury. A single treatment with coarse-grit microdermabrasion stimulated gene expression of antimicrobial peptides human defensin α1 (DEFA1) (GenBank NM004084.2), human β-defensin 2 (HBD2) (GenBank NM004942.2), and human β-defensin 3 (HBD3) (GenBank NM018661.3). Defensin α1 mRNA was near the limit of detection in untreated skin and was increased approximately 33-fold 6 hours after treatment (P < .05) (Figure 6A). Defensin α1 mRNA levels remained elevated 19-fold for at least 24 hours (P < .05). HBD2 and HBD3 mRNA expression was also rapidly induced following a single coarse-grit microdermabrasion treatment. HBD2 (Figure 6B) and HBD3 (Figure 6C) mRNA levels were elevated 15-fold 6 hours after treatment (P < .05); gene expression of both antimicrobial peptides remained elevated 24 hours after treatment (76- and 15-fold vs untreated skin, respectively; P < .05).

Matrix metalloproteinases break down structural proteins that comprise the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) and are critical for dermal remodeling during wound healing.^19- 21 We examined 3 MMPs that are known to be inducible in human skin. Interstitial collagenase (MMP1) initiates collagen degradation by generating 2 smaller fragments, which are then further degraded by stromelysin 1 (MMP3) and gelatinase B (MMP9). A single coarse-grit microdermabrasion treatment resulted in 333-fold induction of MMP1 mRNA (GenBank NM002421.3) at 6 hours and 99-fold induction at 24 hours (P < .05) before trending toward baseline values (Figure 7A). MMP1 protein induction was localized in the papillary dermis (Figure 7A). Similarly, MMP3 gene expression (GenBank NM002422.3) increased 345-fold 6 hours and 39-fold 24 hours after a single treatment (P < .05) (Figure 7B). MMP9 gene expression (GenBank NM004994.2) followed a similar course, with 27-fold induction 6 hours after treatment (P < .05), dropping close to baseline within 24 hours after treatment (Figure 7C).

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound serine protease that can degrade denatured collagen fragments.^22- 23 It is involved in matrix remodeling and cell motility. A single microdermabrasion treatment with the coarse-grit handpiece dramatically induced FAP protein expression 6 hours (3.9-fold) and 24 hours (4.6-fold) after treatment (Figure 8).

Microdermabrasion with the coarse-grit wand induced collagen biosynthetic pathways. HSP47 is a molecular chaperone protein necessary for intracellular transport and processing of procollagen within dermal fibroblasts.²⁴ Microdermabrasion with the coarse-grit wand resulted in significant increases in HSP47 protein expression. HSP47 protein staining was increased 7.5-fold (P < .05) throughout the dermis (Figure 9A) 14 days after microdermabrasion treatment with the coarse-grit wand. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase catalyzes hydroxylation of proline residues within procollagen. Hydroxylation of proline is necessary to stabilize the triple helix structure of procollagen.²⁵ Prolyl 4-hydroxylase protein expression was near the limit of detection at baseline but was readily detectable throughout the reticular and papillary dermis 14 days after treatment (Figure 9B).

Consistent with elevated expression of HSP47 and prolyl 4-hydroxylase, coarse-grit microdermabrasion induced type I and type III procollagen expression. Type I and type III procollagen transcripts were induced 3.2-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively, 14 days after a single microdermabrasion treatment (P < .05) (Figure 10A and B). Type I procollagen protein expression was induced 3.7-fold 14 days after treatment as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (P < .01) (Figure 10C). Type I procollagen production was induced throughout the papillary and deeper dermis 14 days after treatment (Figure 10D).

Microdermabrasion with the medium-grit handpiece did not result in statistically significant changes in any of the evaluated molecular components of the wound response or dermal remodeling cascade. In untreated and medium-grit microdermabrasion–treated forearm skin, the transcript level or protein expression was quantified at the various times after treatment for the following: MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, cytokeratin 16, type I and type III procollagen, and cytokines IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor. Medium-grit microdermabrasion did not result in protein production or significantly alter mRNA levels in any of these genes (n = 20) (data not shown).

As the population ages, skin rejuvenation has become an area of significant interest. Patients prefer cosmetic procedures that require minimal disruption of their normal lifestyle.²⁶ Microdermabrasion is a popular method of superficial skin resurfacing that is used to treat various cosmetic ailments, including wrinkles, atrophic scars, and dyspigmentation.^1- 3 It is associated with minimal morbidity, making it an ideal procedure for patients who want treatment that does not require prolonged healing.²⁷ Karimipour et al⁵ demonstrated that aluminum oxide microdermabrasion stimulates a dermal remodeling cascade involving AP-1, MMPs, and cytokines; however, the procedure failed to consistently induce collagen production.

Type I collagen is the major structural protein in the dermis, accounting for approximately 90% of dermal mass.²⁵ Fragmentation of collagen fibrils with concomitant impairment of structural integrity is a characteristic feature of photoaged and aged skin.^28- 29 In addition, stimulation of collagen production seems to be a prerequisite for effective treatments that objectively improve the wrinkled appearance of skin.^7,30 Therefore, the failure of aluminum oxide microdermabrasion to reliably induce new collagen production suggests a minimal clinical effect. We investigated whether microdermabrasion can be improved to provide reliable remodeling with increased collagen production, while retaining the characteristic “minimal downtime.” We hypothesized that increasing the wounding stimulus might enhance activation of the dermal remodeling cascade and result in increased collagen generation.

Wound healing involves several overlapping phases.¹⁵ Microdermabrasion with aluminum oxide crystals or a diamond-tipped wand triggers molecular responses that are observed during wound healing and should be considered a form of superficial wound. In previous work, we suggested that minimal barrier disruption combined with physical movement of the skin by vacuum is likely responsible for generating a wound healing response.^5,31

Treatment with coarse-grit microdermabrasion results in cytokeratin 16 induction. Cytokeratin 16 is a well-characterized marker of injury to the epidermis and epidermal barrier disruption.³² Cytokeratin 16 promotes reorganization of cytoplasmic keratin filaments that precedes keratinocyte migration into a wound site.¹¹ Cytokeratin 16 induction may serve as a useful marker of sufficient epidermal injury to induce repair pathways in response to regenerative aesthetic procedures. In our study, medium-grit microdermabrasion did not induce cytokeratin 16 expression nor did it induce other components of the repair pathways. Subjects with the largest increases in cytokeratin 16 expression also demonstrated a trend toward some of the largest increases in type I collagen expression.

Keratinocytes may serve as initiators of inflammation because they elaborate proinflammatory cytokines under many different conditions. Nickoloff and Naidu³² demonstrated that injury of the epidermis by tape stripping resulted in cytokeratin 16 gene expression and the induction of several epidermal-derived cytokines. We observed induction of IL-1β following treatment of the skin with the coarse-grit wand, as was also observed with aluminum oxide microdermabrasion.⁵ Interleukin 1β is a primary cytokine that can stimulate the elaboration of other cytokines, including IL-8. Interleukin 8 is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, which are important phagocytic cells that participate in the early phases of wound healing.¹⁵ We found statistically significant elevated levels of IL-8 and neutrophil elastase, a marker of neutrophil infiltration, in skin after microdermabrasion treatment with the coarse-grit handpiece. Elevation of neutrophil chemoattractants and neutrophil products after coarse-grit microdermabrasion suggests a role for neutrophils in the wound-healing response after microdermabrasion that is similar to the healing response to an incisional wound.

cJun and JunB components of AP-1 were induced within 6 hours after treatment with the coarse-grit diamond-studded handpiece wand. cJun expression is rapidly induced by various injurious stimuli and is a key mediator in a wide array of cellular responses.¹² cJun is also involved in the regulation of cytokeratin 16 expression.¹⁴ Wang et al^13- 14 demonstrated that epidermal growth factor stimulation of protein kinases mediates phosphorylation of the cJun component of AP-1, which then stimulates cytokeratin 16 induction. In addition to its role in cytokeratin 16 regulation, AP-1 is well known to be involved in the induction of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β) and MMPs.^19,21

Matrix metalloproteinases are responsible for degradation of ECM that comprises the structural material of connective tissue. The substrates of MMPs are collagens, fibronectin, proteoglycans, and other ECM proteins.¹⁹ We measured the effects of microdermabrasion on 3 important MMPs known to be regulated by AP-1, namely, MMP1, MMP3, and MMP9. Coarse-grit microdermabrasion induced expression of all 3. Less aggressive therapy with the medium-grit wand failed to induce significant increases in the expression of MMPs. Matrix metalloproteinase activity is important in wound healing to facilitate the motility of inflammatory cells and to enhance the availability of inflammatory mediators to set the stage for healing.¹⁹

FAP is an inducible membrane-bound glycoprotein that possesses serine protease activity. FAP is expressed by activated fibroblasts in reactive stroma during wound healing and tumor invasion. FAP has the unique ability to cleave prolyl residues in peptide substrates.^22- 23,33 This activity has led to the suggestion that FAP works in concert with MMPs to further break down partially degraded collagen, as collagen contains a large number of prolyl residues. FAP expression was induced after a single microdermabrasion treatment, indicating activation of dermal fibroblasts. A role for MMPs and FAP can be envisioned in cosmetic regenerative procedures. Photoaged skin is characterized by partially degraded cross-linked collagen fragments.^34- 36 Evidence suggests that this partially degraded collagen impairs the structural integrity of the dermal ECM, which in turn causes fibroblasts to produce less collagen and more MMPs. FAP may complement the activities of MMPs to more completely remove collagen fragments and to better excavate the dermal ECM, providing a better foundation before deposition of new collagen.

Collagen production is likely to be a substantial benefit in any cosmetic procedure used to improve wrinkles or skin contour irregularities.^7- 8 New collagen could “fill in” defects that arise due to collagen fragmentation or loss. In addition, deposition of new collagen not only improves the structural integrity of the dermal ECM but also promotes fibroblasts to produce more collagen, as already described. Our study demonstrated that microdermabrasion with a diamond-studded coarse-tipped wand significantly increases type I and type III procollagen. These data are in contrast to microdermabrasion treatment using a medium-grit wand and aluminum oxide–based microdermabrasion, neither of which significantly induces procollagen production.

Data presented herein support the concept that minor epidermal injury occurs during the microdermabrasion procedure, which initiates a remodeling cascade. This cascade parallels normal wound healing with inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases (Figure 11). Stimulation of the wound-healing response may be responsible for the beneficial effects noted after microdermabrasion.^2,37 Our findings add to the growing body of evidence that epidermal damage is sufficient to initiate dermal repair.^5,7 Because of the practical limitations of facial biopsies, we studied photodamaged forearm skin. Although fundamental wound-healing mechanisms are similar among different anatomic sites, we do not know whether subtle differences exist in molecular responses to diamond-studded microdermabrasion treatment. Further rigorous studies are necessary to determine whether the molecular alterations that are obtained with aggressive microdermabrasion translate into improvements in the physical appearance of wrinkles or atrophic scars in vivo. While coarse-grit microdermabrasion demonstrates the ability to cause molecular changes in vivo, these changes may not be quantitatively sufficient to cause significant improvement in the clinical setting. Orringer et al^7,38 demonstrated that the use of carbon dioxide (10 600 nm) or Nd:YAG (1320 nm) lasers can also stimulate a remodeling response with collagen production. The molecular responses seen following coarse-grit microdermabrasion are quantitatively less than those seen with carbon dioxide resurfacing but are quantitatively far superior to the results of nonablative resurfacing lasers like the 1320-nm Nd:YAG and aluminum oxide microdermabrasion.^5,38 Ablative carbon dioxide laser resurfacing clearly yields significant clinical photorejuvenation, while nonablative resurfacing lasers demonstrate less, if not questionable, efficacy.

To the extent that molecular changes can predict clinical outcome, aggressive coarse-grit microdermabrasion should elicit significant skin rejuvenation. Further studies will determine whether microdermabrasion, if performed aggressively, has the capacity to become a worthwhile resurfacing procedure that results in noticeable cosmetic improvement while minimizing patient morbidity and downtime.

Correspondence: Darius J. Karimipour, MD, Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, 1910 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (dariusjk@umich.edu).

Accepted for Publication: March 25, 2009.

Author Contributions: Drs Karimipour, Rittié, Hammerberg, and Fisher had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Karimipour, Voorhees, Orringer, Sachs, and Fisher. Acquisition of data: Karimipour, Rittié, Hammerberg, Min, and Fisher. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Karimipour, Voorhees, Hamilton, and Fisher. Drafting of the manuscript: Karimipour, Hammerberg, and Fisher. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Rittié, Hammerberg, Min, Voorhees, Orringer, and Sachs. Statistical analysis: Hamilton. Obtained funding: Karimipour. Study Supervision: Karimipour, Voorhees, Orringer, Hamilton, and Fisher.

Financial Disclosure: None reported.

Funding/Support: This study was supported by a Dermatology Foundation Clinical Career Development Award in Dermatologic Surgery to Dr Karimipour and by a University of Michigan Human Appearance Research Fund to the Department of Dermatology.

Role of the Sponsors: Altair Instruments donated a DiamondTome microdermabrasion system and handpieces for use in the study. They had no role in the design or conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

Additional Contributions: Suzan Rehbine, RN, performed microdermabrasion and obtained skin biopsy specimens, and Laura Vangoor, BFA, designed the figures used herein. Diane Fiolek, BS, provided administrative support.