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Hair Breakage as a Presenting Sign of Early or Occult Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia:  Clinicopathologic Findings in 9 Patients

Valerie D. Callender, MD; Dakara Rucker Wright, MD; Erica C. Davis, MD; Leonard C. Sperling, MD
Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(9):1047-1052. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.3428.
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Background  Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia is the most common form of cicatricial alopecia in African American women. Treatment options are limited and mostly aimed at halting further hair loss but rarely result in hair regrowth. Therefore, it is important to recognize early clinical signs, perform a confirmatory biopsy, and begin treatment promptly. We have observed that hair breakage may be a key sign of early central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, and this association is not clearly described in the literature.

Observations  Nine patients with hair breakage on the vertex with or without scalp symptoms underwent scalp biopsies as part of their evaluation. Of these, 8 had histologic samples adequate for complete interpretation: 5 specimens (63%) showed histologic changes typical of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, with 1 of these showing advanced end-stage changes of cicatricial alopecia. Two (25%) revealed premature desquamation of the inner root sheath as the sole finding suggestive of early central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia and 1 (13%) was normal.

Conclusions  Although hair breakage can have multiple causes, early central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia must be considered in the differential diagnosis, particularly in women of African ancestry. Histologic evaluation may reveal early or late findings that can help establish the diagnosis.

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Figure 1. Patient 6. Patient has a large area of hair breakage with minimally decreased hair density and scarring. Histopathologic analysis revealed early changes of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia.

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Figure 2. Patient 9. Patient had decreased hair density and hair breakage on the vertex of the scalp. Histopathologic analysis revealed premature desquamation of the inner root sheath of a few follicles but an otherwise normal scalp.

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Figure 3. Hematoxylin-eosin–stained specimen from patient 6. A horizontal section through the deep dermis demonstrates early changes of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, namely, premature desquamation of the inner root sheath (note the 2 boxed follicles in A; magnified in B; original magnification ×40 [A] and ×200 [B]).

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Figure 4. Hematoxylin-eosin–stained specimen from patient 6. Vertical section from a biopsy site adjacent to the one sampled in Figure 3. At the level of the lower infundibulum, eccentric epithelial thinning, concentric fibroplasia, and mild perifollicular chronic inflammation can be seen (original magnification ×200 [A] and ×400 [B]).

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Figure 5. Hematoxylin-eosin–stained specimens from patient 5. A, Two follicles sectioned at the level of the lower dermis show premature desquamation of the inner root sheath. B, At the level of the lower infundibulum, these follicles show concentric, lamellar fibroplasia and a moderate amount of perifollicular, chronic inflammation (original magnification ×200).

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