Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Antibody Profile as a Diagnostic Adjunct in the Assessment of Pigmented Lesions FREE

Melanocytic proliferations are among the most critical diagnostic challenges in the field of dermatopathology. They represent a group of lesions that exhibit striking heterogeneity in terms of morphologic structure and biologic behavior. At one pole of the spectrum are completely benign lesions that are not diagnostically difficult, such as congenital and common acquired nevi. At the opposite pole of the spectrum are overtly malignant melanomas. More problematic is a broad group of pigmented lesions that exhibit variable atypia, including dysplastic nevi, atypical nevi of special sites, Spitz nevi, and melanocytic tumors of undetermined malignant potential (ie, borderline tumors).¹

A few immunohistochemical stains, such as HMB45 and Ki67, are routinely used to distinguish benign lesions from melanoma. Neither stain is specific nor especially sensitive, and HMB45 is positive in junctional nevomelanocytes and the superficial aspects of the dermal component, with a progressive decrease in expression toward the dermal base of a benign nevus.^2- 4 Expression at varying levels throughout the dermal component can be observed in the setting of melanomas other than desmoplastic melanoma, in which this marker is usually negative. Nevertheless, there are benign lesions that express HMB45 in a pandermal fashion, including inverted type A nevus, deep penetrating nevus, blue nevus, and cellular blue nevus. Ki67 is a nuclear proliferation marker that shows low-level expression in nevi, typically with a zonation paralleling that of HMB45, with discernible nuclear staining present within the epidermis and superficial dermis. In borderline melanocytic lesions, the proliferation index is higher, although not typically in the range of that seen in melanoma. In our experience, the proliferation index in borderline tumors can be as high as 10% to 15% of melanocytes, while melanomas often (but not always) express Ki67 in greater than 15% to 20% of nuclei. To our knowledge, there are no other discriminatory immunostains used in routine practice to help distinguish benign from malignant melanocytic proliferations.^2- 4

Quiz Ref IDCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule involved in cellular growth and apoptosis that is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans. In mammalian cells, there exist 2 classes of the protein adenylyl cyclase, the enzyme that synthesizes cAMP from adenosine triphosphate. One class, encoded by 9 transmembrane adenylyl cyclase genes, is constitutively localized to the plasma membrane and is sensitive to activation by extracellular signals via activation of G protein –coupled receptors.⁵ The other class is encoded by the soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) gene. Unlike transmembrane adenylyl cyclases, sAC is not permanently localized to the plasma membrane but is present in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, centrioles, and nucleus.^6- 10 In collaboration with the laboratory that cloned and purified the sAC protein,¹¹ we identified the sAC protein in human epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes⁵ and showed that its localization in keratinocytes is not fixed. In particular, in certain hyperproliferative keratinocyte diseases, sAC moves from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.¹ Based on these prior studies, we chose to study sAC protein localization in various melanocytic lesions, including benign nevi and melanomas.¹² Distinct staining patterns emerged that may have diagnostic implications and perhaps reflect the presumptive biologic progression inherent to melanoma and its precursors. The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of sAC as a discriminatory stain between benign nevi vs melanomas. The advantages of sAC immunostaining as a diagnostic adjunct in the assessment of melanocytic proliferations are the same as those for immunohistochemistry in general, namely, cost, speed, and ease of interpretation.

The immunohistochemical staining procedure for sAC as previously published⁵ is described in the subsection that follows. A spectrum of melanocytic lesions was assessed. Among the cases studied were benign nevi,¹³ atypical nevi of special sites,¹⁰ recurrent nevi,¹⁰ capsular nevi,⁴ and malignant melanoma (superficial spreading and lentigo maligna,¹⁴ acral lentiginous,³ and nodular subtypes⁷), as well as metastatic melanoma.⁷

Cases were retrospectively identified using archival tissue from the database of the Weill Medical College of Cornell University dermatopathology laboratory. Immunostaining of patient samples was approved under institutional review board protocol 0710009479, Weill Medical College of Cornell University. The study was conducted in accord with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All steps were performed using a commercially available stainer (Bond-Max Autostainer; Leica Microsystems, Bannockburn, Illinois) as previously reported.⁵ Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were first dewaxed and then prepared for immunostaining. R21 is a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against amino acids 203 to 216 of human sAC protein.⁵ All sections were treated as follows for sAC immunostaining⁵: after the dewaxing procedure, the samples were pretreated (HIER1, Leica Microsystems), followed by HIER1 pretreatment for 30 minutes at 100 °C and then HIER1 pretreatment for 12 minutes at ambient temperature. The primary antibody (3 mg/mL) was applied for 25 minutes. The optimal dilution was determined to be 1:1200. Following this step, the sections were treated by a postprimary alkaline phosphatase step for 20 minutes for signal amplification, and the mixed red substrate was applied for 10 minutes, followed by washing and mounting with a coverslip.

An estimate about the percentage of cells exhibiting a particular staining pattern was made (0%, 1%-10%, >10%-25%, >25%-50%, >50%-75%, >75%-90%, or >90%). The main staining patterns were cytoplasmic and nuclear. With respect to cytoplasmic staining, the following 3 main patterns were observed: (1) Golgi pattern with a discrete dotlike morphologic structure, (2) Golgi pattern showing a broad granular pattern, and (3) diffuse cytoplasmic pattern that was increased relative to the background staining found within the cytoplasm of nonlesional cells (ie, keratinocytes within the epidermis). For cytoplasmic staining, intensity was graded on a scale from 1 to 3. With regard to nuclear staining, the following 3 main patterns were assessed: (1) nucleolar pattern, which was graded on a scale of 1 to 3 according to intensity; (2) focal granular staining within the nucleus, with intensity graded on a scale of 1 to 3; and (3) pannuclear pattern, where 80% or more of the nucleus diameter showed a homogeneous pattern of staining, granular pattern of staining, or both. Initial observations and analysis were performed by one of us (C.M.M.) in a nonblinded manner to establish the algorithm. Following the establishment of a consensus of analysis and an algorithm for assessing sAC immunostaining by C.M.M., 30 unequivocal benign nevi and melanoma cases stained only with anti-sAC antibody were sent to another of us (A.N.C.), along with the established algorithm to determine reproducibility in a blinded manner. The slides analyzed by 3 of us (C.M.M., A.N.C., and G.D.) constituted our training set. Using these slides, we trained 2 medical students with basic histologic experience and a dermatologist (J.H.Z.) on how to identify pannuclear- and perinuclear dotlike Golgi –stained melanocytes. As a validation set, they were then given 36 unequivocal benign nevi and melanoma cases stained only with R21 (ie, no hematoxylin-eosin –stained cases were provided). They were asked to score each slide for the presence or absence of pannuclear or perinuclear dotlike Golgi staining relative to a cell percentage cutoff as discussed in the next subsection.

To determine if particular staining patterns were present or absent in a given type of lesion more often than simple chance, we performed a binomial proportion test (with 50% assumption being simple chance) using 2-sided t test. To determine if there was a qualitative difference in staining pattern between diagnoses, we performed a rank order analysis, followed by the χ² test. To determine if there was a quantitative difference in staining pattern between diagnoses, we performed an NPAIR1WAY using the Mantel-Haenszel χ² test and confirmed these trends using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis. To determine an appropriate threshold for the frequency of a given staining pattern, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with a 4-number ordinal rating scale was performed and was compared with a “clinical ” presence or absence of a given diagnosis for each staining pattern frequency. From these data, we established a cutoff of 25% between specific percentages of cells with a given staining pattern and a given diagnosis. However, aside from performing a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the patterns clearly separated at 25%. Using these cutoffs, we established the sensitivity and specificity of the sAC immunostaining pattern in the training set (Table 1). Sensitivity was determined by calculating the number of melanoma diagnoses with 25% or less cells having dotlike Golgi expression, more than 25% having pannuclear expression, or a combination of each as indicated in Table 1 divided by the total number of melanomas examined. Specificity was determined by calculating the number of benign nevi diagnoses with 25% or less cells having dotlike Golgi expression, more than 25% having pannuclear expression, or a combination of each as indicated in Table 1 divided by the total number of nevi examined. Following confirmation of the accuracy of these cutoffs, we trained 2 medical students with basic histologic experience and a dermatologist on how to identify pannuclear- and perinuclear dotlike Golgi –stained melanocytes. We then randomly selected 36 unequivocal benign nevi and melanoma cases to be stained only with R21. Using the aforedescribed cutoff, slides were scored for either staining pattern and were compared with pathologist-rendered diagnoses (C.M.M.). Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were then calculated.

Results of initial observations and analysis were used to establish the sAC immunostaining algorithm. A summary is given in Table 2.

In 14 cases of benign congenital and common acquired nevi without any morphologic features indicative of dysplasia, the sAC antibody profile was characterized by a discrete perinuclear dotlike Golgi staining pattern (arrow in Figure 1) in most melanocytes within the epidermis and dermis (P  =  .001). Nucleolar staining could be seen and was usually weak (P  =  .008). Focal weak granular staining in the nucleus was seen in a few cases (P  =  .59). Most cases did not exhibit any pannuclear staining; however, rare cells with this particular staining pattern could be observed (P  =  .71).

We examined 10 cases of recurrent nevi (eFigure 1) in which there was enhanced intraepidermal and superficial dermal atypia localized to the zone of the cicatrix. The residual lesion or the previously biopsied melanocytic lesion was in the context of a benign nevus. Despite the enhanced atypia, the staining pattern essentially mirrored that encountered in the original lesion, defined by a predominant perinuclear dotlike staining pattern. A few melanocytes exhibited a pannuclear staining pattern.

Among 10 cases of atypical acral nevi examined, the pattern was similar to that noted with benign common acquired nevi,³ namely, a prominent perinuclear dotlike Golgi pattern (arrow in eFigure 2) (P  =  .045), with variable weak nucleolar staining (P  =  .045). In cases exhibiting mild atypia, pannuclear staining was typically seen in less than 10% of intraepidermal melanocytes and was often accompanied by weak nucleolar staining. In nevi exhibiting a higher grade of atypia, more intraepidermal melanocytes showed pannuclear staining, while other melanocytes showed an intense incomplete granular staining pattern. There was preservation of the dotlike Golgi pattern in dermal melanocytes, where pannuclear expression was not observed.

In acral lentiginous melanomas, neoplastic melanocytes demonstrated a distinctive pattern of lentiginous dysplasia characterized by enlarged cells with darkly staining angulated nuclei, representing 90% or more of intraepidermal melanocytes in most cases (Figure 2). These cells exhibited an intense broad Golgi decoration pattern, with most cells demonstrating pannuclear sAC immunostaining.

In lentigo maligna melanomas, most cases demonstrated prominent pannuclear homogeneous or granular expression (arrow in Figure 3A) (P  =  .003). Of the cases studied, all but 1 showed pannuclear staining involving most neoplastic melanocytes. Most cases had no discernible Golgi expression, but where Golgi decoration was discernible, it was typically of the broad pattern (arrow in Figure 3B). In addition, the pannuclear staining allowed easy discrimination between lentigo maligna and background changes of chronic photoactivation shown in Figure 3C (negative margin) and Figure 3D (positive margin).

Superficial spreading melanomas displayed pannuclear expression in epidermal and dermal melanocytes (Figure 4, eFigure 3, and eFigure 4) (P   <  .001). In all cases, 25% or more of intraepidermal and dermal melanocytes showed pannuclear expression. In 50% of cases, 50% or more of intraepidermal and dermal melanocytes exhibited pannuclear expression (Figure 4), while in 30% of cases more than 75% of melanocytes showed pannuclear expression. Most cases had a broad Golgi expression pattern (P  =  .03), while a predominant dotlike Golgi pattern was seen in less than 10% of cases, with no discernible Golgi expression in 3 cases. Many neoplastic melanocytes demonstrated combined incomplete nuclear and macronucleolar staining (arrow C in Figure 4C) (P   <  .001) in addition to pannuclear staining (arrow A in Figure 4C). In some melanomas, cells were devoid of all staining (arrow B in Figure 4C). In melanomas arising in preexisting nevi, the sAC expression pattern could be used to discriminate invasive melanoma cells from residual nevus cells (eFigure 3), with the latter having classic perinuclear Golgi expression (arrow A in eFigure 3) without pannuclear expression vs the invasive melanoma component demonstrating a pannuclear pattern (arrow B in eFigure 3). This discriminatory pattern helped determine the depth of invasion. In eFigure 4A (arrow), pannuclear sAC expression clearly defines the in situ and superficially invasive components of the melanoma, while in routine stains nuclear atypia of the precursor component prohibited this distinction. There was a clear difference between the pannuclear staining of melanoma cells above vs the dotlike Golgi expression in the subjacent benign melanocytes (arrow in eFigure 4B). The sAC expression pattern in superficial spreading melanoma was constant regardless of anatomic location. Acral melanomas of superficial spreading subtype demonstrated mostly pannuclear melanocytes, a few with dotlike Golgi, and diffuse cytoplasmic staining and bore no resemblance to acral lentiginous melanomas, which showed intense pannuclear but little cytoplasmic expression (Figure 2).

Seven cases of nodular melanomas showed pannuclear expression (P  =  .008) but in fewer cells compared with the other melanoma subtypes. Pandermal melanocyte nuclear expression was observed. Many cells also had a prominent nucleolar staining pattern (P  =  .03). The Golgi expression pattern was typically lost, and cytoplasmic expression was primarily a diffuse and intense pattern (P  =  .01). Quiz Ref IDThe classic sAC expression profile of nodular melanoma comprised pannuclear expression in nuclei at all levels, cells exhibiting a clustered pattern with nucleolar expression, and diffuse cytoplasmic expression, typically unaccompanied by discrete Golgi expression. Diffuse cytoplasmic expression could be seen in the other melanoma subtypes but was quantitatively and qualitatively less compared with that in nodular melanomas. The neoplastic cells that did not exhibit a pannuclear staining pattern showed a prominent nucleolar and incomplete granular nuclear staining pattern (Figure 5).

Table 2 summarizes the dotlike Golgi and pannuclear staining patterns in benign nevi compared with those in melanomas in our training set. Quiz Ref IDWe reasoned that loss of dotlike Golgi expression with gain of pannuclear expression was indicative of melanoma. Based on clinical correlation and statistical analysis, we established that melanoma was consistent with loss of dotlike Golgi expression representing 25% or less of total melanocytes having this staining pattern (>50% to 75% for benign nevi; 0%-25% for melanomas) and with gain of pannuclear expression representing greater than 25% of total melanocytes having this staining pattern (0%-25% for benign nevi; >50% to 90% for melanomas). It was rare to find a benign nevus with dotlike Golgi staining below 50% or pannuclear staining exceeding 10%, and it was unusual to find an unequivocal melanoma with dotlike Golgi staining exceeding 25% or pannuclear staining below 50%, making these cutoffs fairly discriminatory. The absence of dotlike Golgi expression combined with the presence of pannuclear expression proved to be very sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of melanoma (Table 2). We wanted to test the ability of this stain when used without hematoxylin-eosin by non –pathology-trained personnel to distinguish between benign nevi and melanomas. Therefore, we trained 2 medical students with basic histologic experience and a dermatologist on how to identify pannuclear- and dotlike Golgi –stained melanocytes. They then examined 36 unequivocal benign nevi and melanomas and determined if dotlike Golgi or pannuclear staining represented more than 25% or 25% or less of total melanocytes. This analysis was performed blinded from each other and blinded to the diagnosis rendered by the pathologist. This method proved reproducible in that the 3 observers disagreed on only 3 of 72 determinations (36 pannuclear and 36 dotlike Golgi). For pannuclear staining, the sensitivity was 75%, the specificity was 94%, the positive predictive value was 92%, and the negative predictive value was 81% for the diagnosis of melanoma (P   <  .001 for all). For dotlike Golgi staining, the sensitivity was 63%, the specificity was 67%, the positive predictive value was 63%, and the negative predictive value was 67% for the diagnosis of melanoma (P   <  .001 for all).

Four cases of benign capsular nevi were studied. In all 4 cases, the staining pattern was a weak cytoplasmic one without any nuclear staining or was a dotlike Golgi pattern (P  =  .03). In no case were the findings comparable to those observed in melanomas or other high-grade melanocytic proliferations (Figure 6).

Seven cases of metastatic melanoma were studied, comprising 5 cases of disease metastasized to the lung and 2 cases of disease involving regional lymph nodes. In melanomas with a spindled cytomorphologic structure, most cells exhibited a prominent pannuclear staining pattern (Figure 7) (P  =  .008). In metastatic lesions exhibiting a high-grade epithelioid appearance, pannuclear staining was noted but was present in a minor cell population (data not shown). There was a complete absence of Golgi staining in 5 of 7 cases. In 2 cases in which Golgi staining was observed, few cells stained with sAC antibody, and the pattern was broad as opposed to the sharp dotlike staining pattern of a benign or dysplastic nevus. The intense diffuse pattern of cytoplasmic staining was observed in all but 1 case (P  =  .03).

Based on these results, the sAC immunostaining algorithm was confirmed (Table 2). One of us (A.N.C.) rendered diagnoses based on the sAC algorithm and in a blinded analysis accurately identified the main subtype of melanocytic lesion based on the sAC pattern in 90% of 30 cases reviewed.

We examined the immunolocalization of the sAC protein in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions and found that characteristic patterns emerge with this antibody depending on the nature of the melanocytic lesion. The most extreme variants of sAC immunostaining were typified (1) by unequivocally benign dermal nevi, which demonstrated a monotypic pattern of discrete perinuclear dotlike staining; and (2) by melanomas, in which, especially when associated with a prominent lentiginous pattern, greater than 50% of lesional melanocytes exhibited pannuclear staining without conspicuous Golgi staining or, if there was discernible Golgi staining, the pattern was broad, a point that will be elaborated herein.

In melanomas, the Golgi expression pattern was altered compared with that in most banal nevi: a discrete dotlike Golgi pattern was very uncommon unless it was amid residual nevus. It could be absent, especially in those melanomas with intense pannuclear staining or in nodular melanoma. If there was a discernible Golgi expression pattern, it was often broad, perhaps best typified by the melanomas of superficial spreading subtype. This pattern was heterogeneous not only between cases but among cells in an individual case; because of the quantitative differences between staining patterns, the sAC immunostain seemed sensitive and specific when distinguishing between benign nevi and melanomas in the training set (Table 1) and in the validation set. Because of the ease of detection and the robust nature of pannuclear staining, this proved to be a more consistent marker for melanoma in both the training and validation sets. Dotlike Golgi staining can be challenging to detect, especially when some background keratinocyte staining is present, and this pattern is not universally “negative ” in melanoma. For these reasons, this staining pattern is less robust in distinguishing benign nevi from melanomas.

The staining pattern also varied according to the subtype of melanoma. In melanomas of superficial spreading subtype, especially in those cases arising in precursor dysplastic nevi, preservation of the Golgi pattern of staining could be found. Quiz Ref IDHowever, the discriminating feature found in superficial spreading melanoma was the presence of supervening pannuclear staining, affecting at least 25% of the cell populace in the epidermis and in the dermis, with dermal pannuclear staining present in cases in which the tumor had assumed an invasive growth pattern. In fact, a significant degree of pannuclear staining amid cells in the dermis (as opposed to intraepidermal staining) was an important finding signifying invasive melanoma. In acral lentiginous melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma, the extent of pannuclear staining was greatest compared with that in nodular melanoma or superficial spreading melanoma. Due to the consistent nature of this extensive pannuclear pattern amid lesional melanocytes, we find the sAC immunostain to be very useful in assessing lentigo maligna margins (Figure 3C and D) or in delineating residual disease from cicatricial reactive lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia (data not shown). In cicatricial lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia and in chronic photoactivation, a characteristic pattern of pannuclear staining is not observed. Recurrent nevi can exhibit severe atypia, which in concert with inflammation and fibrosis can exactly recapitulate partially regressed malignant melanoma. The sAC immunostain mirrored the pattern of a benign nevus despite enhanced cytologic atypia in the zone of recurrence (eFigure 1). In nodular melanoma, the enhanced diffuse cytoplasmic staining without Golgi localization defined the dominant pattern; pannuclear staining was found in randomly disposed neoplastic cells. Notably, the nodular melanoma pattern was reminiscent of the sAC immunostaining pattern found in extracutaneous metastatic melanoma and was dissimilar to other subtypes of cutaneous melanoma, indicating that the biologic activity of this cutaneous tumor (from a sAC protein “point of view ”) may be more similar to metastatic disease than to other cutaneous subtypes of melanoma (ie, superficial spreading melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, and others). Because of the difference in aggressiveness of nodular melanoma compared with that of other cutaneous melanomas, sAC signaling may provide information about key steps in the melanomagenesis and progression of cutaneous melanomas to metastatic disease.

Metastatic melanoma exhibited absent Golgi and nucleolar expression. In metastatic deposits associated with an epithelioid appearance, there was diffuse cytoplasmic and focal pannuclear expression recapitulating the pattern seen in nodular melanoma. Metastatic spindle cell melanomas had a pannuclear pattern reminiscent of the patterns seen in acral lentiginous melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma, subtypes that are characteristically associated with a spindle cell vertical growth –phase component. When comparing the expression pattern with that of benign capsular nevus cells, the differences were obvious. The metastatic melanoma deposits had an abnormal pattern typical of melanoma with prominent pannuclear staining or no staining, while capsular nevus cells showed a reproducible dotlike Golgi expression pattern. The biologic basis for loss of Golgi, nucleolar, or cytoplasmic sAC expression in metastatic melanoma is unclear but nonetheless seems to be a hallmark.

The question arises as to the biologic significance of sAC expression profiles in melanocytic lesions. Melanocytes are very sensitive to changes in cAMP levels; primary melanocytes cannot be grown without providing high levels of cAMP. These levels are most commonly induced in cells by hormones such as melanocyte-stimulating hormone and corticotropin, products of Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein. Pro-opiomelanocortin protein is expressed in the pituitary gland and locally in the skin. Local production of POMC protein is thought to be the result of a skin-based stress response. The main receptor leading to increased levels of cAMP in melanocytes is the melanocortin receptor, a canonical G protein –coupled receptor that activates a heterotrimeric G protein, leading to cAMP synthesis via transmembrane adenylyl cyclases.^13,15- 16 It should be noted that sAC does not respond to G proteins but instead is directly stimulated by calcium and bicarbonate ions. Quiz Ref IDThe primary outcome of cAMP elevation in melanocytes is increased growth and melanogenesis¹⁷; in addition, cAMP is implicated in melanocyte migration,¹⁸ vascular mimicry,¹⁹ and immune regulation.^20- 21 Lester et al¹⁴ and Sheppard et al^22- 23 found that in vivo cAMP level and adenylyl cyclase activity are upregulated in murine melanoma and that metastatic capability of B16 melanoma clones correlated with cAMP accumulation.

Many of these processes also involve key signaling cascades, such as the Ras/Raf/extracellular signal –regulated kinase (ERK) and PI3K/AKT pathways.^24- 27 cAMP is known to activate Ras via a poorly characterized melanocyte exchange protein^25,28- 29 and Rap via an exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC).¹⁸ Ras and Rap normally signal via B-Raf to activate ERK^18,30 because under normal conditions, cAMP activation of PKA phosphorylates key inhibitory sites on C-Raf, preventing it from activation. PKA was found to be essential for B-Raf and ERK activation and for melanoma proliferation.³¹ The regulatory subunit 1A of PKA (PKAR1A), the protein component that binds cAMP, is upregulated in human melanoma compared with normal melanocytes, and genetic downregulation of PKAR1A decreases cell growth and induces apoptosis.³² These observations are intriguing because Zippin et al¹⁰ observed that sAC colocalizes with PKAR1A in the nucleolus of cancer cell lines. It is clear that cAMP has numerous roles in melanocyte biologic function, suggesting that perturbation of normal cAMP signaling could have serious repercussions on cells, such as allowing or facilitating transformation.^13,15- 16

Zippin et al^5,10 demonstrated that nuclear sAC is capable of activating a nuclear cAMP microdomain, leading to activation of the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein). In addition, Zippin et al¹⁰ previously demonstrated that nuclear sAC is associated with activated CREB protein in keratinocyte malignant neoplasms, such as squamous cell carcinoma. The accumulation of sAC in the nucleus may represent a necessary step in malignant transformation or may occur in tandem with transformation and serve a supportive role. Previous work highlighting the ability of nuclear sAC to regulate CREB purports the likely role of nuclear sAC in the regulation of gene expression.¹⁰ However, several studies^{5- 6,10- 11} demonstrate the existence of distinct sAC-modulated cAMP signaling microdomains localized throughout the cell. It is intriguing to note that Raf and EPAC (2 cAMP-regulated signaling proteins) are enriched in the perinuclear Golgi area and shuttle between this location and the plasma membrane on activation.¹⁸ Therefore, one could infer from sAC immunostaining patterns that it may not be the appearance of sAC in the nucleus that induces a malignant phenotype but instead its absence from the perinuclear Golgi (ie, the dotlike Golgi pattern) cAMP microdomain. Future work will be focused on determining the role of sAC in melanomagenesis at each of these subcellular locations.

The sAC expression profile seems to provide a confirmatory test to distinguish benign from malignant lesions. Soluble adenylyl cyclase is ubiquitously expressed and is present in other cell types of the skin, a drawback that proves problematic in the assessment of low-density single-cell lentiginous melanocytic proliferations. However, neither the cytologic characteristics nor the architecture is obscured by the sAC immunostain: melanin pigment is preserved, and a nested epidermal and dermal growth pattern characteristic of melanocytic lesions is easily discernible. These features aid considerably in the distinction from nonmelanocytic skin components. The sAC antibody seems to have practical application to the assessment of capsular nevomelanocytic deposits, proliferative nodules in congenital nevi, and lentigo maligna margin evaluation in the delineation of invasive melanoma from residual nevus cells and may prove useful in the evaluation of prognostically indeterminate melanocytic proliferations. The sAC profile in problematic pigmented lesions is being investigated.